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Wiki Wiki Summary
Measurement uncertainty In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation.
Uncertainty principle In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the accuracy with which the values for certain pairs of physical quantities of a particle, such as position, x, and momentum, p, can be predicted from initial conditions.\nSuch variable pairs are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables; and, depending on interpretation, the uncertainty principle limits to what extent such conjugate properties maintain their approximate meaning, as the mathematical framework of quantum physics does not support the notion of simultaneously well-defined conjugate properties expressed by a single value.
Bitwise operation In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Operations research Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is sometimes considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences.
Emergency operations center An emergency operations center (EOC) is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level during an emergency, and ensuring the continuity of operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization.\nAn EOC is responsible for strategic direction and operational decisions and does not normally directly control field assets, instead leaving tactical decisions to lower commands.
Competitive inhibition Competitive inhibition is interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding. Any metabolic or chemical messenger system can potentially be affected by this principle, but several classes of competitive inhibition are especially important in biochemistry and medicine, including the competitive form of enzyme inhibition, the competitive form of receptor antagonism, the competitive form of antimetabolite activity, and the competitive form of poisoning (which can include any of the aforementioned types).
List of unsolved problems in economics This is a list of some of the major unsolved problems, puzzles, or questions in economics. Some of these are theoretical in origin and some of them concern the inability of orthodox economic theory to explain an empirical observation.
Profit (economics) An economic profit is the difference between the revenue a commercial entity has received from its outputs and the opportunity costs of its inputs. It equals to total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.
Profitability analysis In cost accounting, profitability analysis is an analysis of the profitability of an organisation's output. Output of an organisation can be grouped into products, customers, locations, channels and/or transactions.
Customer Profitability Analysis Customer Profitability Analysis (in short CPA) is a management accounting and a credit underwriting method, allowing businesses and lenders to determine the profitability of each customer or segments of customers, by attributing profits and costs to each customer separately. CPA can be applied at the individual customer level (more time consuming, but providing a better understanding of business situation) or at the level of customer aggregates / groups (e.g.
Small Is Profitable Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size is a 2002 book by energy analyst Amory Lovins and others. The book describes 207 ways in which the size of "electrical resources"—devices that make, save, or store electricity—affects their economic value.
SAP ERP SAP ERP is an enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization. The latest version of SAP ERP (V.6.0) was made available in 2006.
Return on equity The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to the equity. Because shareholder's equity can be calculated by taking all assets and subtracting all liabilities, ROE can also be thought of as a return on assets minus liabilities.
Innovation Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. ISO TC 279 in the standard ISO 56000:2020 defines innovation as "a new or changed entity realizing or redistributing value".
Disruptive innovation In business theory, disruptive innovation is innovation that creates a new market and value network or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The concept was developed by the American academic Clayton Christensen and his collaborators beginning in 1995, and has been called the most influential business idea of the early 21st century.
2000s energy crisis From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under US$25/barrel in 2008 dollars. During 2003, the price rose above $30, reached $60 by 11 August 2005, and peaked at $147.30 in July 2008.
Availability In reliability engineering, the term availability has the following meanings:\n\nThe degree to which a system, subsystem or equipment is in a specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e. a random, time.
Availability heuristic The availability heuristic, also known as availability bias, is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. The availability heuristic operates on the notion that if something can be recalled, it must be important, or at least more important than alternative solutions which are not as readily recalled.
Continuous availability Continuous availability is an approach to computer system and application design that protects users against downtime, whatever the cause and ensures that users remain connected to their documents, data files and business applications. Continuous availability describes the information technology methods to ensure business continuity.In early days of computing, availability was not considered business critical.
Availability cascade An availability cascade is a self-reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs. A novel idea or insight, usually one that seems to explain a complex process in a simple or straightforward manner, gains rapid currency in the popular discourse by its very simplicity and by its apparent insightfulness.
Legal liability In law, liable means "responsible or answerable in law; legally obligated". Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.
Transport Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or thing from a point A (a place in space) to a point B. \nModes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipeline, and space.
CSX Transportation CSX Transportation (reporting mark CSXT), known colloquially as simply CSX, is a Class I freight railroad operating in the eastern United States and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The railroad operates approximately 21,000 route miles (34,000 km) of track.
Transportation engineering Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport. \nThe planning aspects of transportation engineering relate to elements of urban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions and political factors.
Department of transportation Department of transportation (DOT) is the most common name for a government agency in Canada or the United States devoted to transportation. The largest is the United States Department of Transportation, which oversees interstate travel and is a federal agency.
FFE Transportation FFE Transportation Services, Inc. is the primary operating subsidiary of Frozen Food Express Services, Inc.
Muteness Muteness or mutism (from Latin mutus 'silent') is defined as an absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to hear the speech of others. Mutism is typically understood as a person's inability to speak, and commonly observed by their family members, caregivers, teachers, doctors or speech and language pathologists.
Total depravity Total depravity (also called radical corruption or pervasive depravity) is a Protestant theological doctrine derived from the concept of original sin. It teaches that, as a consequence of man's fall, every person born into the world is enslaved to the service of sin as a result of their fallen nature and, apart from the efficacious (irresistible) or prevenient (enabling) grace of God, is completely unable to choose by themselves to follow God, refrain from evil, or accept the gift of salvation as it is offered.
Probability distribution In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space).For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair).
Multimodal distribution In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a probability distribution with two different modes, which may also be referred to as a bimodal distribution. These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Binomial distribution In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: success (with probability p) or failure (with probability q = 1 − p). A single success/failure experiment is also called a Bernoulli trial or Bernoulli experiment, and a sequence of outcomes is called a Bernoulli process; for a single trial, i.e., n = 1, the binomial distribution is a Bernoulli distribution.
Business Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services). It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."Having a business name does not separate the business entity from the owner, which means that the owner of the business is responsible and liable for debts incurred by the business.
Business Proposal Business Proposal (Korean: 사내 맞선; Hanja: 社內맞선; RR: Sanae Matseon; lit. The Office Blind Date) is a South Korean romantic comedy television series based on the webtoon of the same title written by HaeHwa and illustrated by Narak.
Risk Factors
LANCASTER COLONY CORP Item 1A Risk Factors An investment in our common stock is subject to certain risks inherent in our business
The material risks and uncertainties that we believe affect us are described below
Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face
Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or focused on or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations
If any of the following risks occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected
If this were to happen, the value of our common stock could decline significantly
Competitive conditions within our markets could impact our sales volumes and operating margins
Competition within all our markets is intense and is expected to remain so
Numerous competitors exist, many of which are larger in size than we are
Global production overcapacity has also had an impact on our nonfood operations, particularly within our Glassware and Candles segment
These competitive conditions could lead to significant downward pressure on the prices of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and profitability
Competitive considerations in the various product categories in which we sell are multifaceted and include price, product innovation, product quality, brand recognition and loyalty, effectiveness of marketing, promotional activity and the ability to identify and satisfy consumer preferences
In order to protect existing market share or capture increased market share among our retail channels, we may decide to increase our spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation
The success of marketing, advertising and new product innovation is subject to risks, including uncertainties about trade and consumer acceptance
As a result, any increased expenditures we make may not maintain or enhance market share and could result in lower profitability
Wal-Mart is our largest customer, and the loss of its business could cause our sales and net income to decrease
Our net sales to Wal-Mart represented approximately 13prca of consolidated net sales for the year ended June 30, 2006
We believe that our relationship with Wal-Mart is good, but we cannot assure that we will be able to maintain this relationship
The loss of, or a significant reduction in, this business could have a material adverse effect on our sales and profitability
Unfavorable changes in Wal-Mart’s financial condition could also have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Increases in the costs or limitations to the availability of raw materials we use to produce our products could adversely affect our business by increasing our costs to produce goods
We purchase a majority of our key raw materials on the open market
Our ability to avoid the adverse effects of a pronounced, sustained price increase in our raw materials is limited
However, we try to limit our exposure to price fluctuations for raw materials by occasionally entering into longer-term, fixed-price contracts for certain raw materials
Our principal raw-material needs include soybean oil, various dairy-related products, flour, paper and plastic packaging materials, paraffin wax, synthetic rubber, resins, steel and aluminum
We have observed increased pricing on many of these raw materials in recent years
We anticipate that future sources of supply will generally be adequate for our needs, but disruptions in 6 _________________________________________________________________ [33]Table of Contents availability and increased prices could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
We may be subject to product recalls or product liability claims for misbranded, adulterated, contaminated or spoiled food products or defective consumer products
Under adverse circumstances, we may need to recall some of our products if they become adulterated, misbranded, contaminated, or contain a defect, which could create a substantial product hazard or create an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death, and we may also be liable if the consumption of any of our products causes injury
Any claim or product recall could result in noncompliance with regulations of the Food and Drug Administration, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, force us to stop selling our products and create significant adverse publicity that could harm our credibility and decrease market acceptance of our products
If we are required to defend against a product liability claim, whether or not we are found liable under the claim, we could incur substantial costs, our reputation could suffer and our customers might substantially reduce their existing or future orders from us
Increases in energy-related costs could negatively affect our business by increasing our costs to produce goods
Recently, we have been subject to unfavorable changes in energy-related costs that affect the cost of producing our products
This is especially true in our Glassware and Candles segment, where we use large amounts of natural gas and paraffin wax, and in our Automotive segment, where we use synthetic rubber and various resins
High energy costs, like those we experienced in the first half of fiscal 2006, increase our costs to produce goods and decrease our operating margins
Continuing increases in these types of costs could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
The availability and cost of transportation for our products is vital to our success, and the loss of availability or increase in the cost of transportation could have an unfavorable impact on our business and results of operations
Our ability to obtain adequate and reasonably priced methods of transportation to distribute our products is a key factor to our success
Our Specialty Foods segment requires the use of refrigerated trailers to ship many of its products
Delays in transportation, especially in our Specialty Foods segment where orders are generally filled in three to seven days following the receipt of the order, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Further, high fuel costs also impact our financial results
We are often required to pay fuel surcharges to third-party transporters of our products
If we are unable to pass those high costs to our customers in the form of price increases, those higher costs could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Our inability to bring production online and efficiently operate our new salad dressing facility could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
We have recently completed construction of a salad dressing facility in southern Kentucky
The failure to efficiently bring production online, employ an adequate number of skilled workers, or operate the facility in an efficient manner could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Our inability to successfully renegotiate union contracts and any prolonged work stoppages could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Several of our union contracts will be subject to renegotiation during 2007
We believe that our labor relations with unionized employees are good, but our inability to successfully negotiate the renewal of these contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations
Any prolonged work stoppages could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations
7 _________________________________________________________________ [34]Table of Contents Any reduction of CDSOA distributions in the future would reduce our earnings
The Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 (“CDSOA”) provides for the distribution of monies collected by US Customs from antidumping cases to qualifying domestic producers
Our reported CDSOA receipts totaled dlra11dtta4 million, dlra26dtta2 million, and dlra2dtta0 million in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively
These remittances related to certain candles being imported from the People’s Republic of China
In February 2006, US legislation was enacted that would end CDSOA distributions for imports covered by antidumping duty orders entering the US after September 30, 2007
Instead, any such antidumping duties collected would remain with the US Treasury
This legislation is not expected to have a significant effect on potential CDSOA distributions in 2007, but would be expected to reduce likely distributions in years beyond 2007, with distributions eventually ceasing
In July 2006, the US Court of International Trade (“CIT”) ruled unconstitutional CDSOA’s requirement that a company that is not a petitioner must indicate its support for an antidumping petition in order to be eligible for a distribution
The CIT has not ruled on other matters, including any remedy as a result of its ruling
In addition to the CIT ruling, there are a number of factors that can affect whether we receive any CDSOA distributions and the amount of such distributions in any year
These factors include, among other things, potential changes in the law, other ongoing or potential legal challenges to the law, the administrative operation of the law and the status of the underlying antidumping orders
Impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our financial results
We recorded restructuring and/or impairment charges of approximately dlra0dtta6 million, dlra2dtta1 million, and dlra1dtta1 million in fiscals 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively
Likewise, future events may occur that would adversely affect the reported value of our assets and require impairment charges
Such events may include, but are not limited to, strategic decisions made in response to changes in economic and competitive conditions, the impact of the economic environment on our customer base, or a material adverse change in our relationship with significant customers
We may not be able to successfully consummate proposed acquisitions or divestitures or integrate acquired businesses
From time to time, we evaluate acquiring other businesses that would strategically fit within our various operations
If we are unable to consummate, successfully integrate and grow these acquisitions and to realize contemplated revenue synergies and cost savings, our financial results could be adversely affected
In addition, we may, from time to time, divest businesses that are less of a strategic fit within our portfolio or do not meet our growth or profitability targets
As a result, our profitability may be impacted by either gains or losses on the sales of those businesses or lost operating income or cash flows from those businesses
We may also not be able to divest businesses that are not core businesses or may not be able to do so on terms that are favorable to us
In addition, we may be required to incur asset impairment charges related to acquired or divested businesses, which may reduce our profitability and cash flows
These potential acquisitions or divestitures present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including diversion of management attention from existing businesses, difficulty with integrating or separating personnel and financial and other systems, increased expenses, assumption of unknown liabilities, indemnities and potential disputes with the buyers or sellers
We are subject to federal, state and local government regulations that could adversely affect our business and results of operations
Certain of our business operations are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies
As a producer of food products for human consumption, our operations are subject to stringent production, packaging, quality, labeling and distribution standards, including regulations mandated by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
We cannot predict if future regulation by various federal, state and local governmental entities and agencies would adversely affect our business and results of operations
In addition, our business operations and the past and present ownership and operation of our properties are subject to extensive and changing federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the discharge of materials into the environment, the handling and disposition of wastes (including solid 8 _________________________________________________________________ [35]Table of Contents and hazardous wastes) or otherwise relating to protection of the environment
We cannot assure that environmental issues relating to presently known matters or identified sites or to other matters or sites will not require additional, currently unanticipated investigation, assessment or expenditures