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Wiki Wiki Summary
Compression (physics) In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions. It is contrasted with tension or traction, the application of balanced outward ("pulling") forces; and with shearing forces, directed so as to displace layers of the material parallel to each other.
Compression garment Compression garments are pieces of clothing that fit tightly around the skin. In medical contexts, compression garments provide support for people who have to stand for long periods or have poor circulation.
Collateralized debt obligation A collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is a type of structured asset-backed security (ABS). Originally developed as instruments for the corporate debt markets, after 2002 CDOs became vehicles for refinancing mortgage-backed securities (MBS).
Special Activities Center The Special Activities Center (SAC) is a division of the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert operations and paramilitary operations. The unit was named Special Activities Division (SAD) prior to 2015.
Operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements.
December 17 December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 14 days remain until the end of the year.\n\n\n== Events ==\n\n\n=== Pre-1600 ===\n497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome.
December 10 December 10 is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 21 days remain until the end of the year.\n\n\n== Events ==\n\n\n=== Pre-1600 ===\n1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle.
December 1924 German federal election Federal elections were held in Germany on 7 December 1924, the second that year after the Reichstag had been dissolved on 20 October. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag, receiving an increased share of the vote and winning 131 of the 493 seats.
December 18 December 11 is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 20 days remain until the end of the year.\n\n\n== Events ==\n\n\n=== Pre-1600 ===\n220 – Emperor Xian of Han is forced to abdicate the throne by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, ending the Han dynasty.
2016 in aviation This is a list of aviation-related events from 2016.\n\n\n== Events ==\n\n\n=== January ===\nThe Government of Italy permitted United States unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) to fly strike missions from Naval Air Station Sigonella in Sicily where the US has operated unarmed surveillance UAVs since 2001 against Islamic State targets in Libya, but only if they are "defensive," protecting U.S. forces or rescuers retrieving downed pilots.
Facility management Facility management, or facilities management, (FM) is a professional management discipline focused on the efficient and effective delivery of logistics and other support services related to real property, it encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology, as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The profession is certified through Global Facility Management Association (Global FM) member organizations.
Health facility A health facility is, in general, any location where healthcare is provided. Health facilities range from small clinics and doctor's offices to urgent care centers and large hospitals with elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers.
Contract A contract is a legally enforceable agreement that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations among its parties. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to transfer any of those at a future date.
Financial statement Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.\nRelevant financial information is presented in a structured manner and in a form which is easy to understand.
Data compression In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless.
Lossless compression Lossless compression is a class of data compression that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data with no loss of information. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy.
Minsk agreements The Minsk agreements were a series of international agreements which sought to end the war in the Donbas region of Ukraine. The first, known as the Minsk Protocol, was drafted in 2014 by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, consisting of Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation by the leaders of France and Germany in the so-called Normandy Format.
The Four Agreements The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom is a self-help book by bestselling author Don Miguel Ruiz with Janet Mills. The book offers a code of conduct claiming to be based on ancient Toltec wisdom that advocates freedom from self-limiting beliefs that may cause suffering and limitation in a person's life.
Non-disclosure agreement A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also known as a confidentiality agreement (CA), confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), proprietary information agreement (PIA), secrecy agreement (SA), or non-disparagement agreement, is a legal contract or part of a contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to. Doctor–patient confidentiality (physician–patient privilege), attorney–client privilege, priest–penitent privilege and bank–client confidentiality agreements are examples of NDAs, which are often not enshrined in a written contract between the parties.
Prenuptial agreement A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement (commonly referred to as a prenup), is a written contract entered into by a couple prior to marriage or a civil union that enables them to select and control many of the legal rights they acquire upon marrying, and what happens when their marriage eventually ends by death or divorce. Couples enter into a written prenuptial agreement to supersede many of the default marital laws that would otherwise apply in the event of divorce, such as the laws that govern the division of property, retirement benefits, savings, and the right to seek alimony (spousal support) with agreed-upon terms that provide certainty and clarify their marital rights.
1991 Paris Peace Agreements The Paris Peace Agreements (Khmer: សន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១; French: Accords de paix de Paris), formally titled Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreements, were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Third Indochina War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state.
Repurchase agreement A repurchase agreement, also known as a repo, RP, or sale and repurchase agreement, is a form of short-term borrowing, mainly in government securities. The dealer sells the underlying security to investors and, by agreement between the two parties, buys them back shortly afterwards, usually the following day, at a slightly higher price.
Financial analysis Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis or Analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. \nIt is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios and other techniques, that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports.
Consolidated Edison Consolidated Edison, Inc., commonly known as Con Edison (stylized as conEdison) or ConEd, is one of the largest investor-owned energy companies in the United States, with approximately $12 billion in annual revenues as of 2017, and over $62 billion in assets. The company provides a wide range of energy-related products and services to its customers through its subsidiaries:\n\nConsolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.
Financial condition report In accounting, a financial condition report (FCR) is a report on the solvency condition of an insurance company that takes into account both the current financial status, as reflected in the balance sheet, and an assessment of the ability of the company to survive future risk scenarios. Risk assessment in an FCR involves dynamic solvency testing, a type of dynamic financial analysis that simulates management response to risk scenarios, to test whether a company could remain solvent in the face of deteriorating economic conditions or major disasters.
Discounted cash flow In finance, discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a security, project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. \nDiscounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, corporate financial management and patent valuation.
Free cash flow to equity In corporate finance, free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is a metric of how much cash can be distributed to the equity shareholders of the company as dividends or stock buybacks—after all expenses, reinvestments, and debt repayments are taken care of. It is also referred to as the levered free cash flow or the flow to equity (FTE).
International relations International relations (IR), international studies or international affairs (IA) is the scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. It examines all activities between states—such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs), international legal bodies, and multinational corporations (MNCs).
Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport Presidente Carlos Ibáñez International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Presidente Carlos Ibáñez) (IATA: PUQ, ICAO: SCCI) is an airport serving the city of Punta Arenas in southern Chile in the Patagonia region of South America. The airport is shared with the Chilean Air Force.
International law International law, also known as public international law, the law of nations and international ethics, is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between nations. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade, and human rights.
International Airlines Group International Consolidated Airlines Group S.A., trading as International Airlines Group and usually shortened to IAG, is an Anglo-Spanish multinational airline holding company with its registered office in Madrid, Spain, and its global headquarters in London, England. It was formed in January 2011 after a merger agreement between British Airways and Iberia, the flag carriers of the United Kingdom and Spain respectively, when British Airways and Iberia became wholly owned subsidiaries of IAG. British Airways shareholders were given 55% of the shares in the new company.Since its creation, IAG has expanded its portfolio of operations and brands by purchasing other airlines – BMI (2011), Vueling (2012) and Aer Lingus (2015).
Thrift Financial Report All regulated financial institutions in the United States are required to file periodic financial and other information with their respective regulators and other parties. Thrifts are required by the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), among other requirements, to file a key quarterly financial report called the Thrift Financial Report (TFR) to be filed electronically with the OTS. In 2007, there had been a proposal that thrifts convert to filing a similar report, the Report of Condition and Income commonly referred to as the Call Report, which banks prepare and file with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Convair XC-99 The Convair XC-99, AF Ser. No.
Regulation (European Union) A regulation is a legal act of the European Union that becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously. Regulations can be distinguished from directives which, at least in principle, need to be transposed into national law.
New York Codes, Rules and Regulations The New York Codes, Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) contains New York state rules and regulations. The NYCRR is officially compiled by the New York State Department of State's Division of Administrative Rules.
Risk Factors
HANOVER COMPRESSOR CO / Item 1A Risk Factors We have a substantial amount of debt, including our compression equipment lease obligations, that could limit our ability to fund future growth and operations and increase our exposure during adverse economic conditions
At December 31, 2005, we had approximately dlra1cmam478dtta9 million of debt, including approximately dlra48dtta0 million in borrowings and excluding outstanding letters of credit of approximately dlra118dtta6 million under our bank credit facility
Additional borrowings of up to dlra283dtta4 million were available under that facility as of December 31, 2005
Our substantial debt could have important consequences
For example, these commitments could: • make it more difficult for us to satisfy our contractual obligations; • increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; • limit our ability to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements; • increase our vulnerability to interest rate fluctuations because the interest payments on a portion of our debt are at, and a portion of our compression equipment leasing expense is based upon, variable interest rates; • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry; • place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt or fewer operating lease commitments; and • limit our ability to borrow additional funds
We will need to generate a significant amount of cash to service our debt, to fund working capital and to pay our debts as they come due
Our ability to make scheduled payments on our compression equipment lease obligations and our other debt, or to refinance our debt and other obligations, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future
Our ability to generate cash in the future is subject to, among other factors, our operational performance, as well as general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory conditions
For the year ended December 31, 2005, we incurred interest expense of dlra136dtta9 million related to our debt, including our compression equipment lease obligations
Our ability to refinance our debt and other financial obligations at a reasonable cost will be affected by the factors discussed herein and by the general market at the time we refinance
The factors discussed herein could adversely affect our ability to refinance this debt and other financial obligations at a reasonable cost
Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations, and future borrowings may not be available to us under our bank credit facility in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt, compression equipment lease obligations, operating lease commitments and other financial obligations, or to fund our other liquidity needs
We cannot be sure that we will be able to refinance any of our debt or our other financial obligations on commercially reasonable terms or at all
Our inability to refinance our debt or our other financial obligations on commercially reasonable terms could materially adversely affect our business
17 _________________________________________________________________ [72]Table of Contents The documents governing our outstanding debt, including our compression equipment lease obligations, contain financial and other restrictive covenants
Failing to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on us
Our bank credit facility and other debt obligations, including the indentures related to our notes and the agreements related to our compression equipment lease obligations, contain, among other things, covenants that may restrict our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to engage in other business activities
These covenants include provisions that, among other things, restrict our ability to: • incur additional debt or issue guarantees; • create liens on our assets; • engage in mergers, consolidations and dispositions of assets; • enter into additional operating leases; • pay dividends on or redeem capital stock; • enter into derivative transactions; • make certain investments or restricted payments; • make investments, loans or advancements to certain of our subsidiaries; • prepay or modify our debt facilities; • enter into transactions with affiliates; or • enter into sale leaseback transactions
In addition, under our bank credit facility we have granted the lenders a security interest in our inventory, equipment and certain of our other property and the property of our US subsidiaries and pledged 66prca of the equity interest in certain of our international subsidiaries
Our bank credit facility also prohibits us (without the lenders’ prior approval) from declaring or paying any dividend (other than dividends payable solely in our common stock or in options, warrants or rights to purchase such common stock) on, or making similar payments with respect to, our capital stock
Our bank credit facility and other financial obligations and the agreements related to our compression equipment lease obligations require us to maintain financial ratios and tests, which may require that we take action to reduce our debt or act in a manner contrary to our business objectives
Adverse conditions in the oil and gas business or in the United States or global economy or other events related to our business may affect our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests
A breach of any of these covenants or failure to maintain such financial ratios would result in an event of default under our bank credit facility, the agreements related to our compression equipment lease obligations and the agreements relating to our other financial obligations
A material adverse change in our business may also limit our ability to effect borrowings under our bank credit facility
If such an event of default occurs, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder, together with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable
18 _________________________________________________________________ [73]Table of Contents We have significant leverage relative to our total capitalization, which could result in a further downgrade in our credit rating or other adverse consequences if we do not reduce our leverage
As of February 24, 2006, our credit ratings as assigned by Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s were: Standard & Moody’s Poor’s Outlook Stable Stable Senior implied rating B1 BB- Liquidity Rating SGL-3 — 2001A equipment lease notes, interest at 8dtta5prca, due September 2008 B2 B+ 2001B equipment lease notes, interest at 8dtta8prca, due September 2011 B2 B+ 4dtta75prca convertible senior notes due 2008 B3 B 4dtta75prca convertible senior notes due 2014 B3 B 8dtta625prca senior notes due 2010 B3 B 9dtta0prca senior notes due 2014 B3 B Zero coupon subordinated notes, interest at 11prca, due March 31, 2007 Caa1 B- 7dtta25prca convertible subordinated notes due 2029* Caa1 B- * Rating is on the Mandatorily Redeemable Convertible Preferred Securities issued by Hanover Compressor Capital Trust, a trust that we sponsored
Prior to adoption of FIN 46 in 2003, these securities were reported on our balance sheet as mandatorily redeemable convertible preferred securities
Because we only have a limited ability to make decisions about its activities and we are not the primary beneficiary of the trust, the trust is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) under FIN 46
As such, the Mandatorily Redeemable Convertible Preferred Securities issued by the trust are no longer reported on our balance sheet
These notes have previously been eliminated in our consolidated financial statements
The changes related to our Mandatorily Redeemable Convertible Preferred Securities for our balance sheet are reclassifications and had no impact on our consolidated results of operations or cash flow
We do not have any credit rating downgrade provisions in our debt agreements or the agreements related to our compression equipment lease obligations that would accelerate their maturity dates
However, a downgrade in our credit rating could materially and adversely affect our ability to renew existing, or obtain access to new, credit facilities in the future and could increase the cost of such facilities
Should this occur, we might seek alternative sources of funding
In addition, our significant leverage puts us at greater risk of default under one or more of our existing debt agreements if we experience an adverse change to our financial condition or results of operations
Our ability to reduce our leverage depends upon market and economic conditions, as well as our ability to execute liquidity-enhancing transactions such as sales of non-core assets or our equity securities
We are still in the process of improving our infrastructure capabilities, including our internal controls and procedures, which were strained by our rapid growth, to reduce the risk of future accounting and financial reporting problems
We experienced rapid growth from 1998 through 2001, primarily as a result of acquisitions, particularly during 2000 and 2001, during which period our total assets increased from approximately dlra753 million as of December 31, 1999 to approximately dlra2dtta3 billion as of December 31, 2001
Our growth exceeded our infrastructure capabilities and strained our internal control environment
During 2002, we announced a series of restatements of transactions that occurred in 1999, 2000 and 2001
In November 2002, the SEC issued a Formal Order of Private Investigation relating to the transactions underlying and other matters relating to the restatements
In addition, during 2002, Hanover and certain of its officers and directors were named as defendants in a consolidated action in federal court that included a putative securities class action, a putative class action arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and shareholder derivative actions
The litigation related principally to 19 _________________________________________________________________ [74]Table of Contents the matters involved in the transactions underlying the restatements of our financial statements
Both the SEC investigation and the litigation were settled in 2003
During 2002, a number of company executives involved directly and indirectly with the transactions underlying the restatements resigned, including our former Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Vice Chairman of our board of directors, Chief Operating Officer and the head of our international operations
Under the direction of our board of directors and new management, we have continued to review our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and have substantially enhanced our controls and procedures
Even after making our improvements to our internal controls and procedures, Hanover’s internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements
A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that objectives of the control system are met
Future accounting and financial reporting problems could result in, among other things, new securities litigation claims being brought against us, future investigations of us by the SEC and possible fines and penalties, including those resulting from a violation of the cease and desist order we entered into with the SEC in December 2003, and a loss of investor confidence which could adversely affect the trading prices of our debt and equity securities and adversely affect our ability to access sources of necessary capital
Unforeseen difficulties with the implementation or operation of our enterprise resource planning system could adversely affect our internal controls and our business
We contracted with Oracle Corporation to assist us with the design and implementation of an enterprise resource planning system that supports our human resources, accounting, estimating, financial, fleet and job management and customer systems
We have substantially completed implementation of this system
The efficient execution of our business is dependent upon the proper functioning of our internal systems
Any significant failure or malfunction of our enterprise resource planning system may result in disruptions of our operations
Our results of operations could be adversely affected if we encounter unforeseen problems with respect to the operation of this system
We require a substantial amount of capital to expand our compressor rental fleet and our complementary businesses
We invested dlra155dtta1 million in property, plant and equipment during the year ended December 31, 2005, primarily for maintenance capital and international rental projects
Historically, we have funded our capital expenditures through internally generated funds, sale and leaseback transactions and debt and equity financing
While we believe that cash flow from our operations and borrowings under our existing dlra450 million bank credit facility will provide us with sufficient cash to fund our planned 2006 capital expenditures, we cannot assure you that these sources will be sufficient
At December 31, 2005, we had dlra48dtta0 million in outstanding borrowings and dlra118dtta6 million in letters of credit outstanding under our bank credit facility
Additional borrowings of up to dlra283dtta4 million were available under that facility at December 31, 2005
Failure to generate sufficient cash flow, together with the absence of alternative sources of capital, could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows
Our ability to substitute compression equipment under our compression equipment leases is limited and there are risks associated with reaching that limit prior to the expiration of the lease term
As of December 31, 2005, we were the lessee in two transactions involving the sale of compression equipment by us to special purpose entities, which in turn lease the equipment back to us
We are entitled under the compression equipment operating lease agreements to substitute equipment that we own for equipment owned by the special purpose entities, provided that the value of the equipment that we are substituting is equal to or greater than the value of the equipment that is being substituted
We generally substitute equipment when one of our lease customers exercises a contractual right or 20 _________________________________________________________________ [75]Table of Contents otherwise desires to buy the leased equipment or when fleet equipment owned by the special purpose entities becomes obsolete or is selected by us for transfer to international projects
Each lease agreement limits the aggregate amount of replacement equipment that may be substituted to, among other restrictions, a percentage of the termination value under each lease
The termination value is equal to (1) the aggregate amount of outstanding principal of the corresponding notes issued by the special purpose entity, plus accrued and unpaid interest and (2) the aggregate amount of equity investor contributions to the special purpose entity, plus all accrued amounts due on account of the investor yield and any other amounts owed to such investors in the special purpose entity or to the holders of the notes issued by the special purpose entity or their agents
In the following table, termination value does not include amounts in excess of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of notes and the aggregate outstanding amount of the equity investor contributions, as such amounts are periodically paid as supplemental rent as required by our compression equipment operating leases
The aggregate amount of replacement equipment substituted (in dollars and percentage of termination value), the termination value and the substitution percentage limitation relating to each of our compression equipment operating leases as of December 31, 2005 are as follows: Substitution Limitation as Value of Percentage of Percentage of Substituted Termination Termination Termination Lease Termination Lease Equipment Value(1) Value(1) Value Date (dollars in millions) 2001A compression equipment lease $ 19dtta4 14dtta2prca $ 137dtta1 25prca September 2008 2001B compression equipment lease 45dtta4 17dtta6prca 257dtta7 25prca September 2011 Total $ 64dtta8 $ 394dtta8 (1) Termination value assumes all accrued rents paid before termination
In the event we reach the substitution limitation prior to a lease termination date, we will not be able to effect any additional substitutions with respect to such lease
This inability to substitute could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows
A prolonged, substantial reduction in oil or gas prices, or prolonged instability in US or global energy markets, could adversely affect our business
Our operations depend upon the levels of activity in natural gas development, production, processing and transportation
In recent years, oil and gas prices and the level of drilling and exploration activity have been volatile
For example, oil and gas exploration and development activity and the number of well completions typically decline when there is a significant reduction in oil and gas prices or significant instability in energy markets
As a result, the demand for our gas compression and oil and gas production and processing equipment would be adversely affected
Any future significant, prolonged decline in oil and gas prices could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
Erosion of the financial condition of our customers can also adversely affect our business
During times when the oil or natural gas market weakens, the likelihood of the erosion of the financial condition of these customers increases
If and to the extent the financial condition of our customers declines, our customers could seek to preserve capital by canceling or delaying scheduled maintenance of their existing gas compression and oil and gas production and processing equipment or determining not to purchase new gas compression and oil and gas production and processing equipment
In addition, upon the financial failure of a customer, we could experience a loss associated with the unsecured portion of any of our outstanding accounts receivable
21 _________________________________________________________________ [76]Table of Contents There are many risks associated with conducting operations in international markets
We operate in many geographic markets outside the United States
Changes in local economic or political conditions, particularly in Latin America and Nigeria, could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
Additional risks inherent in our international business activities include the following: • difficulties in managing international operations; • unexpected changes in regulatory requirements; • tariffs and other trade barriers that may restrict our ability to enter into new markets; • governmental actions that result in the deprivation of contract rights; • changes in political and economic conditions in the countries in which we operate, including civil uprisings, riots, kidnappings and terrorist acts, particularly with respect to our operations in Nigeria; • potentially adverse tax consequences; • restrictions on repatriation of earnings or expropriation of property without fair compensation; • difficulties in establishing new international offices and risks inherent in establishing new relationships in foreign countries; and • the burden of complying with the various laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate
We have substantial operations in Argentina and Venezuela
As a result, adverse political conditions in Argentina and Venezuela could materially and adversely affect our business
As a result of continued pressure by Argentina’s unions for increased compensation for workers, and related civil unrest, we have experienced an increase in operating costs in Argentina
In the past, we have been able to successfully renegotiate some of our contracts to recover a portion of cost increases
While we hope to recover cost increases that we incur, we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in renegotiating our Argentine contracts
In December 2002, opponents of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez initiated a country-wide strike by workers of the national oil company in Venezuela
This strike, a two-month walkout, had a significant negative impact on Venezuela’s economy and temporarily shut down a substantial portion of Venezuela’s oil industry
As a result of the strike, Venezuela’s oil production dropped
In addition, exchange controls have been put in place that put limitations on the amount of Venezuelan currency that can be exchanged for foreign currency by businesses operating inside Venezuela
In May 2003, after six months of negotiation, the Organization of the American States brokered an agreement between the Venezuelan government and its opponents
Although the accord does offer the prospect of stabilizing Venezuela’s economy, if another national strike is staged, exchange controls remain in place, or economic and political conditions in Venezuela continue to deteriorate, our results of operations in Venezuela could be materially and adversely affected, which could result in reductions in our net income
In addition, our future plans involve expanding our business in international markets where we currently do not conduct business
The risks inherent in establishing new business ventures, especially in international markets where local customs, laws and business procedures present special challenges, may affect our ability to be successful in these ventures or avoid losses which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
22 _________________________________________________________________ [77]Table of Contents Fluctuations in currency exchange rates in Italy, Argentina and Venezuela could adversely affect our business
We have significant operations that expose us to currency risk in Argentina and Venezuela
For the year ended December 31, 2005, our Argentine operations represented approximately 5prca of our revenue and 8prca of our gross profit
For the year ended December 31, 2005, our Venezuelan operations represented approximately 10prca of our revenue and 18prca of our gross profit
At December 31, 2005, we had approximately dlra17dtta3 million and dlra18dtta3 million in accounts receivable related to our operations in Argentina and Venezuela, respectively
At December 31, 2005 we also had intercompany advances outstanding to our subsidiary in Italy of approximately dlra68dtta7 million
These advances are denominated in US dollars
The impact of the remeasurement of these advances on our statement of operations by our subsidiary will depend on the outstanding balance in future periods
The remeasurement of these advances resulted in a translation loss of approximately dlra10dtta3 million during the year ended December 31, 2005 and a translation gain of dlra3dtta7 million during the year ended December 31, 2004
The following table summarizes the exchange gains and losses we recorded for assets exposed to currency translation (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2005 2004 Italy $ (10cmam388 ) $ 4cmam170 Argentina 388 (624 ) Venezuela 3cmam501 1cmam165 Canada (1cmam705 ) 105 All other countries 314 406 Exchange gain (loss) $ (7cmam890 ) $ 5cmam222 In February 2003, the Venezuelan government fixed the exchange rate to 1cmam600 bolivars for each US dollar
In February 2004 and March 2005, the Venezuelan government devalued the currency to 1cmam920 bolivars and 2cmam148 bolivars, respectively, for each US dollar
The impact of any further devaluation on our results will depend upon the amount of our assets (primarily working capital and deferred taxes) exposed to currency fluctuation in Venezuela in future periods
The economic situation in Argentina and Venezuela is subject to change
To the extent that the situation deteriorates, exchange controls continue in place and the value of the peso and bolivar against the dollar is reduced further, our results of operations in Argentina and Venezuela could be materially and adversely affected, which could result in reductions in our net income
Many of our compressor leases with customers have short initial terms, and we cannot be sure that the leases for these rental compressors will be renewed after the end of the initial lease term
The length of our compressor leases with customers varies based on operating conditions and customer needs
In most cases, under currently prevailing lease rates, the initial lease terms are not long enough to enable us to fully recoup the average cost of acquiring or fabricating the equipment
We cannot be sure that a substantial number of our lessees will continue to renew their leases or that we will be able to re-lease the equipment to new customers or that any renewals or re-leases will be at comparable lease rates
The inability to renew or re-lease a substantial portion of our compressor rental fleet would have a material adverse effect upon our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
We operate in a highly competitive industry
We experience competition from companies that may be able to adapt more quickly to technological changes within our industry and throughout the economy as a whole, more readily take 23 _________________________________________________________________ [78]Table of Contents advantage of acquisitions and other opportunities and adopt more aggressive pricing policies
We also may not be able to take advantage of certain opportunities or make certain investments because of our significant leverage and the restrictive covenants in our bank credit facility, the agreements related to our compression equipment lease obligations and our other obligations
In times of weak market conditions, we may experience reduced profit margins from increased pricing pressure
We may not be able to continue to compete successfully in times of weak market conditions or against such competition
If we cannot compete successfully, we may lose market share and our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected
Natural gas operations entail inherent risks that may result in substantial liability to us
Natural gas operations entail inherent risks, including equipment defects, malfunctions and failures and natural disasters, which could result in uncontrollable flows of gas or well fluids, fires and explosions
These risks may expose us, as an equipment operator or fabricator, to liability for personal injury, wrongful death, property damage, pollution and other environmental damage
Our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected if we incur substantial liability and the damages are not covered by insurance or are in excess of policy limits
Our ability to manage our business effectively will be weakened if we lose key personnel
We depend on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and senior management
The departure of any of our key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition
We do not maintain key man life insurance coverage with respect to our executive officers or key management personnel
In addition, we believe that our success depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees
There is significant demand in our industry for experienced qualified employees
If we fail to retain our skilled personnel and to recruit other skilled personnel, we could be unable to compete effectively
Our business is subject to a variety of governmental regulations
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations relating to the environment, health and safety, export controls, currency exchange, labor and employment and taxation
These laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including assessment of monetary penalties, imposition of remedial requirements and issuance of injunctions as to future compliance
From time to time as part of the regular overall evaluation of our operations, including newly acquired operations, we may be subject to compliance audits by regulatory authorities in the various countries in which we operate
We may need to apply for or amend facility permits or licenses from time to time with respect to storm water or wastewater discharges, waste handling, or air emissions relating to manufacturing activities or equipment operations, which subjects us to new or revised permitting conditions that may be onerous or costly to comply with
In addition, certain of our customer service arrangements may require us to operate, on behalf of a specific customer, petroleum storage units such as underground tanks or pipelines and other regulated units, all of which may impose additional compliance and permitting obligations
As one of the largest natural gas compression companies in the United States, we conduct operations at numerous facilities in a wide variety of locations across the country
Our operations at many of these facilities require federal, state or local environmental permits or other authorizations
Additionally, natural gas compressors at many of our customer facilities require individual air permits or 24 _________________________________________________________________ [79]Table of Contents general authorizations to operate under various air regulatory programs established by rule or regulation
These permits and authorizations frequently contain numerous compliance requirements, including monitoring and reporting obligations and operational restrictions, such as emission limits
Generally, our customers are contractually responsible for any permits on their facilities, however, given the large number of facilities in which we operate, and the numerous environmental permits and other authorizations applicable to our operations, we occasionally identify or are notified of technical violations of certain requirements existing in various permits and other authorizations, and it is likely that similar technical violations will occur in the future
Occasionally, we have been assessed penalties for our non-compliance, and we could be subject to such penalties in the future
While such penalties generally do not have a material financial impact on our business or operations, it is possible future violations could result in substantial penalties
We currently do not anticipate that any changes or updates in response to regulations relating to the environment, health and safety, export controls, currency exchange, labor and employment and taxation, or that any other anticipated ongoing regulatory compliance obligations will have a material adverse effect on our operations either as a result of any enforcement measures or through increased capital costs
Based on our experience to date, we believe that the future cost of compliance with existing laws and regulations will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
However, future events, such as compliance with more stringent laws, regulations or permit conditions, a major expansion of our operations into more heavily regulated activities, more vigorous enforcement policies by regulatory agencies, or stricter or different interpretations of existing laws and regulations could require us to make material expenditures
Our business has acquired facilities in the past, which could subject us to future environmental liabilities
We have conducted preliminary environmental site assessments with respect to some, but not all, properties currently owned or leased by us, usually in a pre-acquisition context
These assessments have revealed that soils and/or groundwater at some of our facilities are contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals and various other regulated substances
With respect to acquired properties, we do not believe that our operations caused or contributed to any such contamination in any material respect and we are not currently under any governmental orders or directives requiring us to undertake any remedial activity at such properties
We typically will develop a baseline of site conditions so we can establish conditions at the outset of our operations on such property
However, the handling of petroleum products and other regulated substances is a normal part of our operations and we have experienced occasional minor spills or incidental leakage below reportable quantity thresholds in connection with our operations
Certain properties previously owned or leased by us were determined to be affected by soil contamination
At one of our owned sites, we are working with the prior owner who has undertaken the full legal obligations to monitor and/or clean-up contamination at the sites that occurred prior to our acquisition of it
Where contamination was identified and determined by us to be our responsibility, we conducted remedial activities at these previously-held properties to the extent we believed necessary to meet regulatory standards and either sold the owned properties to third parties or returned the leased properties to the lessors
Based on our experience to date and the relatively minor nature of the types of contamination we have identified to date, we believe that the future cost of necessary investigation or remediation on our current properties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows
We cannot be certain, however, that clean-up standards will not become more stringent, or that we will not be required to undertake any remedial activities involving any material costs on any of these current or previously held properties in the future or that the discovery of unknown or migratory contamination or third-party claims made with respect to current or previously owned or leased properties will not result in material costs
25 _________________________________________________________________ [80]Table of Contents Our stock price may experience volatility
Some of the factors that could affect our stock price are quarterly increases or decreases in revenue or earnings, changes in revenue or earnings estimates by the investment community, and speculation in the press or investment community about our financial condition or results of operations
General market conditions and US or international economic factors unrelated to our performance may also affect our stock price
For these reasons, investors should not rely on recent trends to predict future stock prices or financial results