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Wiki Wiki Summary
Bitwise operation In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Special Activities Center The Special Activities Center (SAC) is a division of the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert operations and paramilitary operations. The unit was named Special Activities Division (SAD) prior to 2015.
Operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements.
Operations research Operations research (British English: operational research), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is sometimes considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences.
Operation (mathematics) In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (called operands) to a well-defined output value. The number of operands (also known as arguments) is the arity of the operation.
Material Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter.
Building material Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings.
Time and materials Time and materials (T&M) is a standard phrase in a contract for construction, product development or any other piece of work in which the employer agrees to pay the contractor based upon the time spent by the contractor's employees and subcontractors employees to perform the work, and for materials used in the construction (plus the contractor's mark up on the materials used), no matter how much work is required to complete construction. Time and materials is generally used in projects in which it is not possible to accurately estimate the size of the project, or when it is expected that the project requirements would most likely change.This is opposed to a fixed-price contract in which the owner agrees to pay the contractor a lump sum for fulfillment of the contract no matter what the contractors pay their employees, sub-contractors and suppliers.
Lime (material) Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral composed primarily of oxides, and hydroxide, usually calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide. It is also the name for calcium oxide which occurs as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic ejecta.
Composite material A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material which is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties unlike the individual elements.
Strength of materials The field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
Subscription business model The subscription business model is a business model in which a customer must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a product or service. The model was pioneered by publishers of books and periodicals in the 17th century, and is now used by many businesses, websites and even pharmaceutical companies in partnership with the government.
List of most-subscribed YouTube channels On the video platform YouTube, a subscriber to a channel is a user who, by selecting that channel's "Subscribe" button, has chosen to receive content released by the channel. Each user's subscription feed consists of videos recently published by channels to which the account is subscribed.
List of streaming media services An over-the-top media service is a streaming media service offered directly to viewers via the Internet. OTT bypasses cable, broadcast, and satellite television platforms, the companies that traditionally act as a controller or distributors of such content.
PewDiePie Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg ( SHEL-burg, Swedish: [ˈfěːlɪks ˈǎrːvɪd ɵlf ˈɕɛ̂lːbærj] (listen); born 24 October 1989), better known as PewDiePie ( PEW-dee-py), is a Swedish YouTuber known for his Let's Play videos and comedic formatted videos and shows. Kjellberg's popularity on YouTube and extensive media coverage have made him one of the most noted online personalities and content creators.
Netflix Netflix, Inc. is an American subscription streaming service and production company.
Satellite television Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commonly referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter.
Starlink Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The name "Sturnidae" comes from the Latin word for starling, sturnus.
Satellite A satellite is an object that is intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.
Communications satellite A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications.
AT&T SportsNet AT&T Sports Networks, LLC (ATTSN) is a group of regional sports networks in the United States that primarily own and operate AT&T Sports Networks (founded in 2009, as Liberty Sports Holdings, later DirecTV Sports Networks, LLC). It is a subsidiary of Warner Bros.
List of A24 films A24 was launched in August 2012 as a film distribution company based in New York City by Daniel Katz, David Fenkel, and John Hodges. Its first film, A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III, was released on February 8, 2013.
Vrio Corp. Vrio Corp. (formerly DirecTV Latin America LLC; stylized as Vгio) is an American company that manages the commercial operations of the Latin American branch of DirecTV (mostly known as DirecTV Latin America).
Masters Tournament The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply The Masters, or the U.S. Masters outside North America) is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, the Masters is the first major of the year, and unlike the others, it is always held at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the city of Augusta, Georgia, in the southeastern United States.
The Killing (American TV series) The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3, 2011, on AMC, based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ('The Crime'). The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment.
Audience (TV network) Audience Network (also known as Audience from 2016 until 2020) was an American pay television channel that was owned by AT&T. It featured a mix of original and acquired series, specials, and feature films. The network operated as a commercial-free service and broadcast its programming without editing for content.
Eurochannel Eurochannel is a world television channel focused on European culture and lifestyle through movies, series and other programs dedicated to European culture. Eurochannel broadcasts in original audio with subtitles in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
Satellite navigation A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimetres to metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites.
Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Satellite imagery Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Apple Maps and Google Maps.
Moons of Jupiter There are 80 known moons of Jupiter, not counting a number of moonlets likely shed from the inner moons. All together, they form a satellite system which is called the Jovian system.
The Georgia Satellites The Georgia Satellites are an American Southern rock band from Atlanta, Georgia. They achieved mainstream success with their 1986 self-titled debut album, featuring their best-known single "Keep Your Hands to Yourself", which peaked at No.
Risk Factors
DIRECTV GROUP INC ITEM 1A RISK FACTORS You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the more detailed descriptions of our business elsewhere in this Annual Report
The risks described below are not the only ones facing our company
Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations
18 _________________________________________________________________ Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by the following: We may not sustain profitability
We have sustained significant losses in the past and have significant amounts of debt
If we do not have sufficient income or other sources of cash, it could affect our ability to service debt and pay other obligations
Our subsidiaries compete with other MVPDs, some of whom have greater resources than we do and levels of competition are increasing
We compete in the MVPD industry against cable television, RBOCs and other land-based and satellite-based system operators with service offerings including video and audio programming, data and entertainment services and telephony service
Some of these competitors have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do
Some cable television operators have large, established customer bases and many cable operators have significant investments in, and access to, programming
According to the National Cable & Telecommunications Association Mid-Year 2005 Industry Overview, 108 million of the 110 million US television households, or 99prca, are passed by cable
Of the 110 million US television households, approximately 73 million, or 67prca, were subscribers to cable at year end
Cable television operators have advantages relative to us, including or as a result of: • being the incumbent MVPD operator with an established subscriber base in the territories in which we compete; • bundling their analog video service with expanded digital video services delivered terrestrially or via satellite, or with efficient two-way high-speed Internet access or telephone service on upgraded cable systems; • having greater bandwidth capacity to deliver programming or services beyond which our satellite capacity currently allows; and • having the ability to provide certain local and other programming, including HD programming, in a larger number of geographic areas
In addition, cable television operators have grown their subscriber base through mergers and acquisitions
Moreover, mergers, joint ventures and alliances among franchise, wireless or private cable television operators, RBOCs, and others may result in providers capable of offering bundled cable television and telecommunications services in competition with our services
Various RBOCs have also begun deployment of fiber optic lines directly to customers &apos homes or neighborhoods and to deliver video services, which compete with the DIRECTV service
It is uncertain whether we will be able to increase our satellite capacity, offer a significant level of new services in existing markets in which we compete or expand to additional markets as may be necessary to compete effectively
Some of these RBOCs also sell the DIRECTV service as a bundle with their voice and data services
The existence of a new broadly-deployed network with the capability of providing video, voice and data services could present a significant competitive challenge
Should their deployment of fiber optic lines for video grow substantially, we may be unable to develop other distribution methods to make up for lost sales through the RBOCs
19 _________________________________________________________________ AT&T recently announced an agreement to acquire BellSouth, one of the RBOCs that sells the DIRECTV service
AT&T has a similar arrangement with EchoStar
If the AT&T acquisition of BellSouth is completed, our arrangements with BellSouth might be adversely affected
As a result of these and other factors, we may not be able to continue to expand our subscriber base or compete effectively against cable television or other MVPD operators in the future
We depend on the Communications Act for access to cable-affiliated programming and changes impacting that access could materially adversely affect us
We purchase a substantial percentage of our programming from programmers that are affiliated with cable system operators
Currently, under certain provisions of the Communications Act governing access to programming, cable-affiliated programmers generally must sell and deliver their programming services to all multi-channel video programming distributors on non-discriminatory terms and conditions
The Communications Act and the FCC rules also prohibit certain types of exclusive programming contracts involving programming from cable-affiliated programmers
Any change in the Communications Act or the FCCapstas rules that would permit programmers that are affiliated with cable system operators to refuse to provide such programming or to impose discriminatory terms or conditions could materially adversely affect our ability to acquire programming on a cost-effective basis, or at all
The Communications Act prohibitions on certain cable industry exclusive contracting practices with cable-affiliated programmers are scheduled to expire in October 2007 and may not be renewed or extended
In addition, certain cable providers have denied us and other MVPDs access to a limited number of channels created by programmers with which the cable providers are affiliated
The cable providers have asserted that they are not required to provide such programming due to the manner in which that programming is distributed, which they argue is not covered by the program access provisions of the Communications Act
Challenges to this interpretation of the Communications Act have not been successful, and we may continue to be precluded from obtaining such programming, which in turn could materially adversely affect our ability to compete in regions serviced by those cable providers
Carriage requirements may negatively affect DIRECTV US &apos ability to deliver local broadcast stations, as well as other aspects of its business
In implementing SHVIA, the FCC has required satellite carriers to delete certain programming, including sports programming, from the signals of certain distant stations
The FCCapstas interpretation, implementation and enforcement of other provisions of SHVIA and SHVERA, as well as judicial decisions interpreting and enforcing these laws, could hamper DIRECTV US &apos ability to retransmit distant network and superstation signals, reduce the number of DIRECTV US &apos existing or future subscribers that can qualify for receipt of these signals, impose costs on DIRECTV US in connection with the process of complying with the rules, or subject DIRECTV US to fines, monetary damages or injunctions
Also, the FCCapstas sport blackout requirements, which apply to all distant network signals, may require costly upgrades to DIRECTV US &apos system
Further, a recent FCC order interpreting the requirement that satellite carriers retransmit local digital signals with &quote equivalent bandwidth &quote of significantly viewed digital signals may constrain DIRECTV US &apos ability to deliver such significantly viewed digital signals
DIRECTV US has limited capacity, and the projected number of markets in which it can deliver local broadcast programming will continue to be constrained because of the must carry requirement and may be reduced depending on the FCCapstas interpretation of its rules in pending and future rulemaking and complaint proceedings, as well as judicial decisions interpreting must carry 20 _________________________________________________________________ requirements
DIRECTV US may not be able to comply with these must carry rules, or compliance may mean that it is not be able to use capacity that could otherwise be used for new or additional local or national programming services
Our subsidiaries depend on others to produce programming and programming costs are increasing
We depend on third parties to provide us with programming services, including third parties who are our affiliates and third parties controlled by competitors
Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to continue to obtain desirable programming and deliver it to our subscribers at competitive prices
Our programming agreements generally have remaining terms ranging from less than one to up to ten years and contain various renewal and cancellation provisions
We may not be able to renew these agreements on favorable terms, or at all, or these agreements may be cancelled prior to expiration of their original terms
If we are unable to renew any of these agreements or the other parties cancel the agreements, we may not be able to obtain substitute programming, or if we are able to obtain such substitute programming, it may not be comparable in quality or cost to our existing programming
In addition, many of our programming agreements contain annual price increases
When offering new programming, or upon expiration of existing contracts, programming suppliers have historically increased the rates they charge us for programming, increasing our costs
Increases in programming costs could cause us to increase the rates that we charge our subscribers, which could in turn cause subscribers to terminate their subscriptions or potential new subscribers to refrain from subscribing to our service
Furthermore, we may be unable to pass programming cost increases on to our subscribers, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings or cash flow
The FCC recently adopted rules requiring us to negotiate in good faith with broadcast stations seeking carriage outside of the mandatory carriage regime described above
The rules for &quote retransmission consent &quote negotiations, which are similar to those that have applied to broadcast stations for years, require us to comply with certain indicia of good faith negotiation, as well as to demonstrate good faith under a &quote totality of the circumstances &quote test
Failure to comply with these rules could subject us to administrative sanctions and other penalties
We incur costs relating to subscribers acquired by us and subscribers acquired through third-parties
These costs are known as subscriber acquisition costs
For instance, we provide installation incentives to our retailers to enable them to offer standard professional installation as part of the subscriberapstas purchase or lease of a DIRECTV System
In addition, we pay commissions to retailers for their efforts in offering a DIRECTV System to consumers
Our subscriber acquisition costs may materially increase to the extent we continue or expand current sales promotion activities or introduce other more aggressive promotions, or due to increased competition
Any material increase in subscriber acquisition costs from current levels would negatively impact our earnings and could materially adversely affect our financial performance
Increased subscriber churn or subscriber upgrade and retention costs could materially adversely affect our financial performance
Turnover of subscribers in the form of subscriber service cancellations, or churn, has a significant financial impact on the results of operations of any subscription television provider, including us, as does the cost of upgrading and retaining subscribers
Any increase in our upgrade and retention costs 21 _________________________________________________________________ for our existing subscribers may adversely affect our financial performance or cause us to increase our subscription rates, which could increase churn
Churn may also increase due to factors beyond our control, including involuntary churn by subscribers who are unable to pay their monthly subscription fees, a slowing economy, significant signal theft, a maturing subscriber base and competitive offers
Any of the risks described in this Annual Report that could potentially have a material adverse impact on our cost or service quality or that could result in higher prices for our subscribers could also, in turn, cause an increase in churn and consequently have a material adverse effect on our earnings
Satellite programming signals have been stolen and may be stolen in the future, which could result in lost revenues and would cause us to incur incremental operating costs that do not result in subscriber acquisition
The delivery of subscription programming requires the use of conditional access technology to limit access to programming to only those who subscribe and are authorized to view it
The conditional access system uses, among other things, encryption technology to protect the transmitted signal from unauthorized access
It is illegal to create, sell or otherwise distribute software or devices to circumvent that conditional access technology
However, theft of cable and satellite programming has been widely reported, and the access or &quote smart &quote cards used in our conditional access system have been compromised in the past and could be further compromised in the future
We have undertaken various initiatives with respect to our conditional access system to further enhance the security of the DIRECTV signal
To help combat signal theft, we are currently providing our subscribers with more advanced access cards that we believe significantly enhance the security of our signal
However, we cannot guarantee that the new card will prevent the theft of our satellite programming signals
Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will succeed in developing the technology we need to effectively restrict or eliminate signal theft
If we cannot promptly correct a compromise of our conditional access technology, our revenue and our ability to contract for video and audio services provided by programmers could be materially adversely affected
In addition, our operating costs could increase if we attempt to implement additional measures to combat signal theft
Construction or launch delays on satellites could materially adversely affect our revenues and earnings
A key component of our business strategy is our ability to expand our offering of new programming and services, including increased local and HD programming
In order to accomplish this goal, we need to construct and launch new satellites
The construction and launch of satellites are often subject to delays, including satellite and launch vehicle construction delays, periodic unavailability of reliable launch opportunities, and delays in obtaining regulatory approvals
A significant delay in the future delivery of any satellite would materially adversely affect the use of the satellite and thus could materially adversely affect our anticipated revenues and earnings
If satellite construction schedules are not met, there can be no assurance that a launch opportunity will be available at the time a satellite is ready to be launched
Certain delays in satellite construction could also jeopardize a satellite authorization that is conditioned on timely construction and launch of the satellite
Our satellites are subject to significant launch and operational risks
Satellites are subject to significant operational risks relating to launch and while in orbit
Launch risks include launch failure, incorrect orbital placement or improper commercial operation
Launch failures result in significant delays in the deployment of satellites because of the need both to construct replacement satellites, which can take up to 36 months, and obtain other launch opportunities
The overall historical loss rate in our industry for all launches of commercial satellites in fixed orbits in the 22 _________________________________________________________________ last five years is estimated to be 5prca but may be higher
Any significant delays or failures in successfully launching and deploying our satellites could materially adversely affect our ability to generate revenues
While we have traditionally purchased insurance covering the launch and, in limited cases, operation of our satellites, such policies typically cover the loss of the satellite itself and not the business interruption or other associated direct and indirect costs
DIRECTV US does not currently expect to purchase in-orbit insurance for any of its satellites scheduled for launch in 2006 and 2007
In-orbit risks include malfunctions, commonly referred to as anomalies, and collisions with meteoroids, other spacecraft or other space debris
Anomalies occur as a result of various factors, such as satellite manufacturing errors, problems with the power systems or control systems of the satellites and general failures resulting from operating satellites in the harsh space environment
We work closely with our satellite manufacturers to determine and eliminate the potential causes of anomalies in new satellites and provide for redundancies of critical components in the satellites as well as having backup satellite capacity
However, we cannot assure you that we will not experience anomalies in the future, nor can we assure you that our backup satellite capacity will be sufficient for our business purposes
Any single anomaly or series of anomalies could materially adversely affect our operations and revenues and our relationships with our subscribers, as well as our ability to attract new subscribers for our services
Anomalies may also reduce the expected useful life of a satellite, thereby creating additional expenses due to the need to provide replacement or backup satellites and potentially reducing revenues if service is interrupted
Finally, the occurrence of anomalies may materially adversely affect our ability to insure our satellites at commercially reasonable premiums, if at all
Our ability to earn revenue also depends on the usefulness of our satellites
A number of factors affect the useful life of a satellite, including, among other things: • the design; • the quality of its construction; • the durability of its component parts; • the launch vehicleapstas insertion of the satellite into orbit; • any required movement, temporary or permanent, of the satellite; • the ability to continue to maintain proper orbit and control over the satelliteapstas functions; and • the remaining on-board fuel following orbit insertion
Generally, the minimum design life of the satellites in our fleet is between 12 and 15 years
The actual useful lives of the satellites may be shorter, in some cases significantly
Our operating results could be adversely affected if the useful life of any of our satellites were significantly shorter than 12 years from the date of launch
In the event of a failure or loss of any of our satellites, we may relocate another satellite and use it as a replacement for the failed or lost satellite
In the event of a complete satellite failure, our services provided via that satellite could be unavailable for several days or longer while backup in-orbit satellites are repositioned and services are moved
We are not insured for any resultant lost revenues
The use of backup satellite capacity for our programming may require us to discontinue some programming services due to potentially reduced capacity on the backup satellite
Any relocation of our satellites would require prior FCC approval and, among other things, a demonstration to the FCC that 23 _________________________________________________________________ the replacement satellite would not cause additional interference compared to the failed or lost satellite
Such FCC approval may not be obtained
We believe we have in-orbit satellite capacity to expeditiously recover transmission of most programming in the event one of our in-orbit satellites fails
However, programming continuity cannot be assured in the event of multiple satellite losses
The cost of commercial insurance coverage on our satellites or the loss of a satellite that is not insured could materially adversely affect our earnings
We use in-orbit and launch insurance to mitigate the potential financial impact of satellite fleet in-orbit and launch failures unless the premium costs are considered uneconomic relative to the risk of satellite failure
When insurance is obtained, it generally covers the unamortized book value of covered satellites
Although the insurance generally does not compensate for business interruption or loss of future revenues or subscribers, we rely on in-orbit spare satellites and excess transponder capacity at key orbital slots to mitigate the impact of satellite failure on our ability to provide service
The price, terms and availability of insurance fluctuate significantly
Launch and in-orbit policies on satellites may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all
In addition to higher premiums, insurance policies may provide for higher deductibles, shorter coverage periods and satellite health-related policy exclusions
Any launch vehicle failure, or loss or destruction of any of our satellites for which we do not have commercial insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, our ability to comply with FCC regulatory obligations and our ability to fund the construction or acquisition of replacement satellites in a timely fashion, or at all
Our ability to keep pace with technological developments is uncertain
In the MVPD industry, changes occur rapidly as new technologies are developed, which could cause our services and products that deliver our services to become obsolete
We may not be able to keep pace with technological developments
If the new technologies on which we intend to focus our investments fail to achieve acceptance in the marketplace or our technology does not work and requires significant cost to replace or fix, we could suffer a material adverse effect on our future competitive position, which could cause a reduction in our revenues and earnings
For example, our competitors could be the first to obtain proprietary technologies that are perceived by the market as being superior
Further, after incurring substantial costs, one or more of the technologies under development by us or any of our strategic partners could become obsolete prior to its introduction
In addition, technological innovation depends, to a significant extent, on the work of technically skilled employees
Competition for the services of these employees is vigorous
We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to attract and retain these employees
To access technologies and provide products that are necessary for us to remain competitive, particularly in the area of broadband services, we may make future acquisitions and investments and may enter into strategic partnerships with other companies
Such investments may require a commitment of significant capital and human and other resources
The value of such acquisitions, investments and partnerships and the technology accessed may be highly speculative
Arrangements with third parties can lead to contractual and other disputes and dependence on the development and delivery of necessary technology on third parties that we may not be able to control or influence
These relationships may commit us to technologies that are rendered obsolete by other developments or preclude the pursuit of other technologies which may prove to be superior
24 _________________________________________________________________ New technologies could also create new competitors for DIRECTV Entities such as RBOCs are implementing and supporting digital video compression over existing telephone lines and building out fiber optic lines to enhance their capabilities to deliver programming services
While these entities are not currently providing MVPD services on a significant basis, many have the capabilities for such services and some have announced that they will begin rolling out video services more broadly this year
We may not be able to compete successfully with new entrants in the market for video services
Our business relies on intellectual property, some of which is owned by third parties, and we may inadvertently infringe patents and proprietary rights of others
Many entities, including some of our competitors, have or may in the future obtain patents and other intellectual property rights that cover or affect products or services related to those that we currently offer or may offer in the future
In general, if a court determines that one or more of our services or the products used to transmit or receive our services infringes on intellectual property owned by others, we and the applicable manufacturers or vendors may be required to cease developing or marketing those services and products, to obtain licenses from the owners of the intellectual property or to redesign those services and products in such a way as to avoid infringing the intellectual property rights
If a third party holds intellectual property rights, it may not allow us or the applicable manufacturers to use its intellectual property at any price, which could materially adversely affect our competitive position
We may not be aware of all intellectual property rights that our services or the products used to transmit or receive our services may potentially infringe
In addition, patent applications in the United States are confidential until the Patent and Trademark Office issues a patent
Therefore, we cannot evaluate the extent to which our services or the products used to transmit or receive our services may infringe claims contained in pending patent applications
Further, without lengthy litigation, it is often not possible to determine definitively whether a claim of infringement is valid
We cannot estimate the extent to which we may be required in the future to obtain intellectual property licenses or the availability and cost of any such licenses
Those costs, and their impact on our earnings, could be material
Damages in patent infringement cases may also include treble damages in certain circumstances
To the extent that we are required to pay royalties to third parties to whom we are not currently making payments, these increased costs of doing business could materially adversely affect our operating results
We are currently being sued in patent infringement actions related to use of technologies in our DTH business
There can be no assurance that the courts will conclude that our services or the products used to transmit or receive our services do not infringe on the rights of third parties, that we or the manufacturers would be able to obtain licenses from these persons on commercially reasonable terms or, if we were unable to obtain such licenses, that we or the manufacturers would be able to redesign our services or the products used to transmit or receive our services to avoid infringement
The ability to maintain FCC licenses and other regulatory approvals is critical to our business
If we do not obtain all requisite US regulatory approvals for the construction, launch and operation of any of our existing or future satellites for the use of frequencies at the orbital locations planned for these satellites or for the provision of service, or the licenses obtained impose operational restrictions on us, our ability to generate revenue and profits could be materially adversely affected
In addition, under certain circumstances, existing licenses are subject to revocation or modification and upon expiration, renewal may not be granted
If existing licenses are not renewed, or are revoked or materially modified, our ability to generate revenue could be materially adversely affected
25 _________________________________________________________________ In certain cases, satellite system operators are obligated by governmental regulation and procedures of the International Telecommunications Union to coordinate the operation of their systems with other users of the radio spectrum in order to avoid causing interference to those other users
Coordination may require a satellite system operator to reduce power, avoid operating on certain frequencies, relocate its satellite to another orbital location and/or otherwise modify planned or existing operations
For example, SES has petitioned the FCC for a declaratory ruling to allow it to provide DBS service using frequencies assigned to it by the Government of Gibraltar and the United Kingdom from an orbital slot located halfway between slots at which we currently operate and the next nearest existing US-licensed DBS slots
We believe this closer proximity, if permitted, significantly increases the risk of interference which could adversely affect the quality of service provided to our subscribers
We may not be able to successfully coordinate our satellites to the extent we are required to do so, and any modifications we make in the course of coordination, or any inability to successfully coordinate, may materially adversely affect our ability to generate revenue
Other regulatory risks include, among others: • the relocation of satellites to different orbital locations if the FCC determines that relocation is in the public interest; • the denial by the FCC of an application to replace an existing satellite with a new satellite or to operate a satellite beyond the term of its current authorization; • the loss of authorizations to operate satellites on certain frequencies at certain locations if we do not construct, launch and operate satellites into those locations by certain dates; and • the authorization by the United States or foreign governments of the use of frequencies by third party satellite or terrestrial facilities that have the potential to interfere with communication to or from our satellites, which could interfere with our contractual obligations or services to subscribers or other business operations
All of our FCC satellite authorizations are subject to conditions imposed by the FCC in addition to the FCCapstas general authority to modify, cancel or revoke those authorizations
Use of FCC licenses and conditional authorizations are often subject to conditions, including technical requirements and implementation deadlines
Failure to comply with such requirements, or comply in a timely manner, could lead to the loss of authorizations and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue
For example, loss of an authorization could potentially reduce the amount of programming and other services available to DIRECTV subscribers
The materiality of such a loss of authorization would vary based upon, among other things, the orbital location at which the frequencies may be used
In addition, many of our authorizations and pending applications will be subject to petitions and oppositions filed by several companies, and there can be no assurance that our authorizations will not be cancelled, revoked or modified or that our applications will not be denied
Moreover, the FCC recently adopted new rules for licensing satellites that may limit our ability to file applications and secure licenses in the future
Congress has continued to shape the scope of the FCCapstas regulatory authority and enact legislation that impacts our business
In addition, FCC proceedings to implement legislation and enact additional regulations are ongoing
The outcomes of these legislative or regulatory proceedings or their effect on our business cannot be predicted
26 _________________________________________________________________ Our international operation, DTVLA, is subject to various additional risks associated with doing business internationally, which include political instability, economic instability, and foreign currency exchange rate volatility
All of DTVLAapstas operating companies are located outside the United States
DTVLA operates and has subscribers located throughout Latin America and the Caribbean Basin, which makes it vulnerable to risks of conducting business in foreign markets, including: • difficulties and costs associated with complying with a wide variety of complex laws, treaties and regulations; • unexpected changes in regulatory environments; • longer payment cycles; • earnings that may be subject to tax withholding requirements or the imposition of tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions; • political and economic instability; • export restrictions and other trade barriers; • difficulties in maintaining overseas subsidiaries and international operations; and • difficulties in obtaining approval for significant transactions, such as the Sky Transactions
In the past, the countries that constitute some of DTVLAapstas largest markets, including Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela have experienced economic crises, caused by external and internal factors, and characterized by exchange rate instability, high inflation, high domestic interest rates, economic contraction, a reduction of international capital flows, a reduction of liquidity in the banking sector and high unemployment
These economic conditions have often been related to political instability, including political violence
If these economic conditions recur, they could substantially reduce the purchasing power of the population in our markets and materially adversely affect our business
Because DTVLA offers premium pay television programming, its business is particularly vulnerable to economic downturns
DTVLA has experienced, and may in the future experience, decreases or instability in consumer demand for its programming, as well as subscriber credit problems
DTVLAapstas inability to adjust its business and operations to adequately address these issues could materially adversely affect its revenues and ability to achieve profitability
We may not be able to obtain or retain certain foreign regulatory approvals
There can be no assurance that any current regulatory approvals held by us are, or will remain, sufficient in the view of foreign regulatory authorities, or that any additional necessary approvals will be granted on a timely basis or at all, in all jurisdictions in which we operate, or that applicable restrictions in those jurisdictions will not be unduly burdensome
The failure to obtain the authorizations necessary to operate satellites or provide satellite service internationally could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and our overall competitive position
Our principal stockholder has significant influence over our management and over actions requiring stockholder approval and its interests may differ from ours
As of December 31, 2005, News Corporation held approximately 34prca of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock
K Rupert Murdoch, Chairman and Chief Executive of News 27 _________________________________________________________________ Corporation, is the Chairman of our Board of Directors, and Chase Carey, who is currently a director of and was formerly employed by News Corporation, is our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors
Additionally, two current News Corporation executives are members of our Board of Directors
As a result, News Corporation has significant influence relating to our management and actions that require stockholder approval
The interests of News Corporation may differ from the interests of other holders of our common stock
The extent of New Corporationapstas stock ownership in us also may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire control of us and may preclude holders of our common stock from receiving any premium above market price for their shares that may be offered in connection with any attempt to acquire control of us
The share repurchase program announced February 7, 2006 will result in an increase in News Corporationapstas ownership interest in us
We may face other risks described from time to time in periodic reports filed by us with the SEC We urge you to consider the above risk factors carefully in evaluating forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report
The forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report are made only as of the date of this Annual Report and we undertake no obligation to publicly update these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances