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Wiki Wiki Summary
Free cash flow In corporate finance, free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is the amount by which a business's operating cash flow exceeds its working capital needs and expenditures on fixed assets (known as capital expenditures). It is that portion of cash flow that can be extracted from a company and distributed to creditors and securities holders without causing issues in its operations.
Discounted cash flow In finance, discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a security, project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. \nDiscounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, corporate financial management and patent valuation.
Operating cash flow In financial accounting, operating cash flow (OCF), cash flow provided by operations, cash flow from operating activities (CFO) or free cash flow from operations (FCFO), refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. Operating activities include any spending or sources of cash that’s involved in a company’s day-to-day business activities.
Cash flow forecasting Cash flow forecasting is the process of obtaining an estimate or forecast of a company's future financial position; the cash flow forecast is typically based on anticipated payments and receivables.\nSee Financial forecast for general discussion re methodology.
Cash flow loan A cash flow loan is a type of debt financing, in which a bank lends funds, generally for working capital, using the expected cash flows that a borrowing company generates as collateral for the loan. Cashflow loans are usually senior term loans or subordinated debt, being used for funding growth or financing an acquisition.
Net present value The net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW) applies to a series of cash flows occurring at different times. The present value of a cash flow depends on the interval of time between now and the cash flow.
Normal distribution In statistics, a normal distribution (also known as Gaussian, Gauss, or Laplace–Gauss distribution) is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is\n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n σ\n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n −\n μ\n \n σ\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {x-\mu }{\sigma }}\right)^{2}}}\n The parameter \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\displaystyle \mu }\n is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\displaystyle \sigma }\n is its standard deviation.
Probability distribution In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space).For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair).
List of Linux distributions This page provides general information about notable Linux distributions in the form of a categorized list. Distributions are organized into sections by the major distribution or package management system they are based on.
Pareto distribution The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, (Italian: [paˈreːto] US: pə-RAY-toh), is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena. Originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend that a large portion of wealth is held by a small fraction of the population.
Equity (finance) In finance, equity is ownership of assets that may have debts or other liabilities attached to them. Equity is measured for accounting purposes by subtracting liabilities from the value of the assets.
Shareholders' agreement A shareholders' agreement (sometimes referred to in the U.S. as a stockholders' agreement) (SHA) is an agreement amongst the shareholders or members of a company. In practical effect, it is analogous to a partnership agreement.
Desperate Shareholders Desperate Shareholders (Russian: Отчаянные дольщики, romanized: Otchayannye dolshchiki) is a 2022 Russian crime comedy film directed by Ilya Farfell. The film produced by Yellow, Black and White also starred Maksim Lagashkin, Mikhail Trukhin, Ekaterina Stulova, Nikita Kologrivyy, and Olga Venikova.
Adverse effect An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect.
Adverse food reaction An adverse food reaction is an adverse response by the body to food or a specific type of food.The most common adverse reaction is a food allergy, which is an adverse immune response to either a specific type or a range of food proteins.\nHowever, other adverse responses to food are not allergies.
Adverse (film) Adverse is a 2020 American crime thriller film written and directed by Brian Metcalf and starring Thomas Nicholas, Lou Diamond Phillips, Sean Astin, Kelly Arjen, Penelope Ann Miller, and Mickey Rourke. It premiered at the Fantasporto Film Festival, Portugal's largest film festival, on February 28, 2020.
Adverse party An adverse party is an opposing party in a lawsuit under an adversary system of law. In general, an adverse party is a party against whom judgment is sought or "a party interested in sustaining a judgment or decree." For example, the adverse party for a defendant is the plaintiff.
Anthony Adverse Anthony Adverse is a 1936 American epic historical drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Fredric March and Olivia de Havilland. The screenplay by Sheridan Gibney draws elements of its plot from eight of the nine books in Hervey Allen's historical novel, Anthony Adverse.
Hostile witness A hostile witness, also known as an adverse witness or an unfavorable witness, is a witness at trial whose testimony on direct examination is either openly antagonistic or appears to be contrary to the legal position of the party who called the witness. This concept is used in the legal proceedings in the United States, and analogues of it exist in other legal systems in Western countries.
Operation Mincemeat Operation Mincemeat was a successful British deception operation of the Second World War to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. Two members of British intelligence obtained the body of Glyndwr Michael, a tramp who died from eating rat poison, dressed him as an officer of the Royal Marines and placed personal items on him identifying him as the fictitious Captain (Acting Major) William Martin.
Bitwise operation In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
Special Activities Center The Special Activities Center (SAC) is a division of the Central Intelligence Agency responsible for covert operations and paramilitary operations. The unit was named Special Activities Division (SAD) prior to 2015.
Operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements.
Surgery Surgery is a medical or dental specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function, appearance, or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.\nThe act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply "surgery".
Special operations Special operations (S.O.) are military activities conducted, according to NATO, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment". Special operations may include reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, and counter-terrorism actions, and are typically conducted by small groups of highly-trained personnel, emphasizing sufficiency, stealth, speed, and tactical coordination, commonly known as "special forces".
Berkshire Hathaway Berkshire Hathaway Inc. () is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
Activist shareholder An activist shareholder is a shareholder who uses an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management. A fairly small stake (less than 10% of outstanding shares) may be enough to launch a successful campaign.
Public company A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange (listed company), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not (unlisted public company).
Language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language (in other words, gain the ability to be aware of language and to understand it), as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.\nLanguage acquisition involves structures, rules and representation.
Data acquisition Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the initialisms DAS, DAQ, or DAU, typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing.
Mergers and acquisitions In corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations, or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities. As an aspect of strategic management, M&A can allow enterprises to grow or downsize, and change the nature of their business or competitive position.
Rules of Acquisition In the fictional Star Trek universe, the Rules of Acquisition are a collection of sacred business proverbs of the ultra-capitalist race known as the Ferengi.\nThe first mention of rules in the Star Trek universe was in "The Nagus", an episode of the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (Season 1, Episode 10).
Language acquisition device The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a claim from language acquisition research proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s. The LAD concept is a purported instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language.
Proposed acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk On April 14, 2022, business magnate Elon Musk offered to purchase American social media company Twitter, Inc., for $43 billion, after previously acquiring 9.1 percent of the company's stock for $2.64 billion, becoming its largest shareholder. Twitter had then invited Musk to join their board of directors, which Musk at first accepted before subsequently declining.
Risk Factors
BRANDYWINE REALTY TRUST Item 1A Risk Factors Our performance is subject to risks associated with our properties and with the real estate industry
Our economic performance and the value of our real estate assets, and consequently the value of our securities, are subject to the risk that if our properties do not generate revenues sufficient to meet our operating expenses, including debt service and capital expenditures, our cash flow and ability to pay distributions to our shareholders will be adversely affected
Events or conditions beyond our control that may adversely affect our operations or the value of our properties include: • downturns in the national, regional and local economic climate; • competition from other office, industrial and commercial buildings; • local real estate market conditions, such as oversupply or reduction in demand for office, or other commercial or industrial space; • changes in interest rates and availability of financing; • vacancies, changes in market rental rates and the need to periodically repair, renovate and re-lease space; • increased operating costs, including insurance expense, utilities, real estate taxes, state and local taxes and heightened security costs; • civil disturbances, earthquakes and other natural disasters, or terrorist acts or acts of war which may result in uninsured or underinsured losses; • significant expenditures associated with each investment, such as debt service payments, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs which are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenues from a property; and • declines in the financial condition of our tenants and our ability to collect rents from our tenants
We may experience increased operating costs, which might reduce our profitability
Our properties are subject to increases in operating expenses such as for cleaning, electricity, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, administrative costs and other costs associated with security, landscaping and repairs and maintenance of our properties
In general, under our leases with tenants, we pass on all or a portion of these costs to them
We cannot assure you, however, that tenants will actually bear the full burden of these higher costs, or that such increased costs will not lead them, or other prospective tenants, to seek office space elsewhere
If operating expenses increase, the availability of other comparable office space in our core geographic markets might limit our ability to increase rents; if operating expenses increase without a corresponding increase in revenues, our profitability could diminish and limit our ability to make distributions to shareholders
Our investment in property development or redevelopment may be more costly than we anticipate
We intend to continue to develop properties where market conditions warrant such investment
Once made, these investments may not produce results in accordance with our expectations
Risks associated with our development and construction activities include: • the unavailability of favorable financing alternatives in the private and public debt markets; • construction costs exceeding original estimates due to rising interest rates and increases in the costs of materials and labor; -11- ______________________________________________________________________ [58]Back to Contents construction and lease-up delays resulting in increased debt service, fixed expenses and construction or renovation costs; • expenditure of funds and devotion of management’s time to projects that we do not complete; • occupancy rates and rents at newly completed properties may fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including market and economic conditions, resulting in lower than projected rental rates and a corresponding lower return on our investment; and • complications (including building moratoriums and anti-growth legislation) in obtaining necessary zoning, occupancy and other governmental permits
We may not successfully integrate our historic operations with those of Prentiss and the intended benefits of our acquisition of Prentiss may not be realized
Our January 2006 acquisition of Prentiss presents challenges to management, including the integration of our historic operations, properties and personnel with those of Prentiss
The acquisition also poses other risks commonly associated with similar transactions, including unanticipated liabilities, unexpected costs and the diversion of management’s attention to the integration of the operations of the combined companies
Any difficulties that our combined company encounters in the transition and integration processes, and any level of integration that is not successfully achieved, could have an adverse effect on our revenue, level of expenses and operating results
We may also experience operational interruptions or the loss of key employees, tenants and customers
As a result, notwithstanding our expectations, we may not realize any of the anticipated benefits or cost savings of the Prentiss acquisition
We face risks associated with property acquisitions
We have in the past acquired, and intend in the future to acquire, properties and portfolios of properties, including large portfolios, such as our acquisition of Prentiss Properties Trust, that would increase our size and potentially alter our capital structure
Although we believe that the acquisitions that we have completed in the past and that we expect to undertake in the future have, and will, enhance our future financial performance, the success of such transactions is subject to a number of factors, including the risk that: • we may not be able to obtain financing for acquisitions on favorable terms; • acquired properties may fail to perform as expected; • the actual costs of repositioning or redeveloping acquired properties may be higher than our estimates; • acquired properties may be located in new markets where we may have limited knowledge and understanding of the local economy, an absence of business relationships in the area or unfamiliarity with local governmental and permitting procedures; and • we may not be able to efficiently integrate acquired properties, particularly portfolios of properties, into our organization and to manage new properties in a way that allows us to realize cost savings and synergies
Acquired properties may subject us to unknown liabilities
Properties that we acquire may be subject to unknown liabilities for which we would have no recourse, or only limited recourse, to the former owners of such properties
As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of an acquired property, we might be required to pay significant sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our financial results and cash flow
Unknown liabilities relating to acquired properties could include: • liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination; -12- ______________________________________________________________________ [59]Back to Contents • claims by tenants, vendors or other persons arising on account of actions or omissions of the former owners of the properties; and • liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business
We have agreed not to sell certain of our properties
We have agreed not to sell some of our properties for varying periods of time, in transactions that would trigger taxable income to the former owners, and we may enter into similar arrangements as a part of future property acquisitions
One of these tax protection agreements is with one of our current trustees
These agreements generally provide that we may dispose of the subject properties only in transactions that qualify as tax-free exchanges under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code or in other tax deferred transactions
Such transactions can be difficult to complete and can result in the property acquired in exchange for the disposed of property inheriting the tax attributes (including tax protection covenants) of the disposed of property
Violation of these tax protection agreements would impose significant costs on us
As a result, we are restricted with respect to decisions with respect to financing, encumbering, expanding or selling of these properties
We may be unable to renew leases or re-lease space as leases expire
If tenants do not renew their leases upon expiration, we may be unable to re-lease the space
Even if the tenants do renew their leases or if we can re-lease the space, the terms of renewal or re-leasing (including the cost of required renovations) may be less favorable than current lease terms
Certain leases grant the tenants an early termination right upon payment of a termination penalty
We face significant competition from other real estate developers
We compete with real estate developers, operators and institutions for tenants and acquisition and development opportunities
Some of these competitors have significantly greater financial resources than we have
Such competition may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us, may interfere with our ability to attract and retain tenants and may increase vacancies, which could result in increased supply and lower market rental rates, reducing our bargaining leverage and adversely affecting our ability to improve our operating leverage
In addition, some of our competitors may be willing (because their properties may have vacancy rates higher than those for our properties) to make space available at lower prices than available space in our properties or for other reasons
We cannot assure you that this competition will not adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to shareholders
Changes in market conditions including capitalization rates applied in real estate acquisitions could impact our ability to grow through acquisitions
We selectively pursue acquisitions in our core markets when long-term yields make acquisitions attractive
We compete with numerous property owners for the acquisition of real estate properties
Some of these competitors may be willing to accept lower yields on their investments impacting our ability to acquire real estate assets and thus limit our external growth
We cannot assure you that this competition will not adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to shareholders
Property ownership through joint ventures may limit our ability to act exclusively in our interest
We develop and acquire properties in joint ventures with other persons or entities when we believe circumstances warrant the use of such structures
As of December 31, 2005, we had investments in nine unconsolidated real estate ventures and two additional real estate ventures that are consolidated in our financial statements
Our investments in the nine unconsolidated real estate ventures aggregated approximately dlra13dtta3 million (net of returns of investment amounts) as of December 31, 2005
We could become engaged in a dispute with one or more of our joint venture partners that might affect our ability to operate a jointly-owned property
Moreover, our joint venture partners may, at any time, have business, economic or other objectives that are inconsistent with our objectives, including objectives that relate to the appropriate timing and terms of any sale or refinancing of a property
In some instances, our joint venture partners may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest
If the -13- ______________________________________________________________________ [60]Back to Contents objectives of our joint venture partners are inconsistent with our own objections, we will not be able to act exclusively in our interests
Because real estate is illiquid, we may not be able to sell properties when appropriate
Real estate investments generally, and in particular large office and industrial properties like those that we own, often cannot be sold quickly
Consequently, we may not be able to alter our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions
In addition, the Internal Revenue Code limits our ability to sell properties that we have held for fewer than four years without resulting in adverse consequences to our shareholders
Furthermore, properties that we have developed and have owned for a significant period of time or that we acquired in exchange for partnership interests in our operating partnership often have a low tax basis
If we were to dispose of any of these properties in a taxable transaction, we may be required under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code applicable to REITs to distribute a significant amount of the taxable gain to our shareholders and this could, in turn, impact our cash flow
In some cases, tax protection agreements with third parties will prevent us from selling certain properties in a taxable transaction without incurring substantial costs
In addition, purchase options and rights of first refusal held by tenants or partners in joint ventures may also limit our ability to sell certain properties
All of these factors reduce our ability to respond to changes in the performance of our investments and could adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to shareholders as well as the ability of someone to purchase us, even if a purchase were in our shareholders’ best interests
We may suffer adverse consequences due to the financial difficulties, bankruptcy or insolvency of our tenants
If one or more of our tenants were to experience financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, insolvency or a general downturn of business, there could be an adverse effect on our financial performance and distributions to shareholders
We cannot assure you that any tenant that files for bankruptcy protection will continue to pay us rent
A bankruptcy filing by or relating to one of our tenants or a lease guarantor would bar efforts by us to collect pre-bankruptcy debts from that tenant or lease guarantor, or its property, unless we receive an order permitting us to do so from the bankruptcy court
In addition, we cannot evict a tenant solely because of bankruptcy
The bankruptcy of a tenant or lease guarantor could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude collection of these sums
If a lease is assumed by the tenant in bankruptcy, all pre-bankruptcy balances due under the lease must be paid to us in full
If, however, a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages
Any such unsecured claim would only be paid to the extent that funds are available and only in the same percentage as is paid to all other holders of unsecured claims
Restrictions under the bankruptcy laws further limit the amount of any other claims that we can make if a lease is rejected
As a result, it is likely that we would recover substantially less than the full value of any such unsecured claims that we might hold
Some potential losses are not covered by insurance
We currently carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage and rental loss insurance on all of our properties
We believe the policy specifications and insured limits of these policies are adequate and appropriate
There are, however, types of losses, such as lease and other contract claims and terrorism and acts of war that generally are not insured
We cannot assure you that we will be able to renew insurance coverage in an adequate amount or at reasonable prices
In addition, insurance companies may no longer offer coverage against certain types of losses, such as losses due to terrorist acts and mold, or, if offered, these types of insurance may be prohibitively expensive
Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the property
In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property
We cannot assure you that material losses in excess of insurance proceeds will not occur in the future
If any of our properties were to experience a catastrophic loss, it could seriously disrupt our operations, delay revenue and result in large expenses to repair or rebuild the property
Such events could adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to shareholders
-14- ______________________________________________________________________ [61]Back to Contents Terrorist attacks and other acts of violence or war may adversely impact our performance and may affect the markets on which our securities are traded
Terrorist attacks against our properties, or against the United States or our interests, may negatively impact our operations and the value of our securities
Attacks or armed conflicts could result in increased operating costs; for example, it might cost more in the future for building security, property/casualty and liability insurance, and property maintenance
As a result of terrorist activities and other market conditions, the cost of insurance coverage for our properties could also increase
We might not be able to pass along the increased costs associated with such increased security measures and insurance to our tenants, which could reduce our profitability and cash flow
Furthermore, any terrorist attacks or armed conflicts could result in increased volatility in or damage to the United States and worldwide financial markets and economy
Such adverse economic conditions could affect the ability of our tenants to pay rent and our costs of capitals, which could have a negative impact on our results
Our ability to make distributions is subject to various risks
Historically, we have paid quarterly distributions to our shareholders
Our ability to make distributions in the future will depend upon: • the operational and financial performance of our properties; • capital expenditures with respect to existing and newly acquired properties; • general and administrative costs associated with our operation as a publicly-held REIT; • the amount of, and the interest rates on, our debt; and • the absence of significant expenditures relating to environmental and other regulatory matters
Certain of these matters are beyond our control and any significant difference between our expectations and actual results could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and our ability to make distributions to shareholders
Changes in the law may adversely affect our cash flow
Because increases in income and service taxes are generally not passed through to tenants under leases, such increases may adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make expected distributions to shareholders
Our properties are also subject to various regulatory requirements, such as those relating to the environment, fire and safety
Our failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of fines and damage awards and default under some of our tenant leases
Moreover, the costs to comply with any new or different regulations could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to make distributions
Although we believe that our properties are in material compliance with all such requirements, we cannot assure you that these requirements will not change or that newly imposed requirements will not require significant expenditures
The terms and covenants relating to our indebtedness could adversely impact our economic performance
Like other real estate companies which incur debt, we are subject to risks associated with debt financing, such as the insufficiency of cash flow to meet required debt service payment obligations and the inability to refinance existing indebtedness
If our debt cannot be paid, refinanced or extended at maturity, in addition to our failure to repay our debt, we may not be able to make distributions to shareholders at expected levels or at all
Furthermore, an increase in our interest expense could adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to shareholders
If we do not meet our debt service obligations, any properties securing such indebtedness could be foreclosed on, which would have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and ability to make distributions and, depending on the number of properties foreclosed on, could threaten our continued viability
-15- ______________________________________________________________________ [62]Back to Contents Our credit facilities and the indenture governing our unsecured public debt securities contain (and any new or amended facility will contain) customary restrictions, requirements and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness, including total debt to asset ratios, secured debt to total asset ratios, debt service coverage ratios and minimum ratios of unencumbered assets to unsecured debt which we must maintain
Our ability to borrow under our credit facilities is (and any new or amended facility will be) subject to compliance with such financial and other covenants
In the event that we fail to satisfy these covenants, we would be in default under the credit facilities and indenture and may be required to repay such debt with capital from other sources
Under such circumstances, other sources of capital may not be available to us, or may be available only on unattractive terms
Increases in interest rates on variable rate indebtedness would increase our interest expense, which could adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to shareholders
Rising interest rates could also restrict our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures
In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amounts that third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to alter our portfolio promptly in relation to economic or other conditions
We have entered into and may, from time to time, enter into agreements such as interest rate hedges, swaps, floors, caps and other interest rate hedging contracts with respect to a portion of our variable rate debt
Although these agreements may lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they also expose us to the risk that other parties to the agreements will not perform or that we cannot enforce the agreements
Our degree of leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or affect the market price of our equity shares or debt securities
Our degree of leverage could affect our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital expenditures, development, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes
Our senior unsecured debt is currently rated investment grade by the three major rating agencies
We cannot, however, assure you that we will be able to maintain this rating
In the event that our unsecured debt is downgraded from the current rating, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and the market prices of our common shares and debt securities might decline
Our degree of leverage could also make us more vulnerable to a downturn in business or the economy generally
We will need to replace, at or before maturity, the term loan facility that we used to finance a portion of the cash component of our acquisition of Prentiss
We obtained a 364-day unsecured dlra750 million term loan to finance a portion of the cash component of our acquisition of Prentiss
Brandywine may incur increased interest costs on indebtedness that replaces this facility due to higher interest costs of longer-term debt
The interest rate on the replacement indebtedness will depend on prevailing market conditions at the time
Potential liability for environmental contamination could result in substantial costs
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be liable for the costs to investigate and remove or remediate hazardous or toxic substances on or in our properties, often regardless of whether we know of or are responsible for the presence of these substances
These costs may be substantial
Also, if hazardous or toxic substances are present on a property, or if we fail to properly remediate such substances, our ability to sell or rent the property or to borrow using that property as collateral may be adversely affected
Additionally, we develop, manage, lease and/or operate various properties for third parties
Consequently, we may be considered to have been or to be an operator of these properties and, therefore, potentially liable for removal or remediation costs or other potential costs that could relate to hazardous or toxic substances
An earthquake could adversely affect our business
Some of our properties are located in California which is a high risk geographical area for earthquakes
Depending upon its magnitude, an earthquake could severely damage our properties which would adversely affect our business
We maintain earthquake insurance for our California properties and the resulting -16- ______________________________________________________________________ [63]Back to Contents business interruption
We cannot assure you that our insurance will be sufficient if there is a major earthquake
Americans with Disabilities Act compliance could be costly
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”) requires that all public accommodations and commercial facilities, including office buildings, meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons
Compliance with ADA requirements could involve the removal of structural barriers from certain disabled persons’ entrances which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations
Other federal, state and local laws may require modifications to or restrict further renovations of our properties with respect to such accesses
Although we believe that our properties are in material compliance with present requirements, noncompliance with the ADA or similar or related laws or regulations could result in the United States government imposing fines or private litigants being awarded damages against us
In addition, changes to existing requirements or enactments of new requirements could require significant expenditures
Such costs may adversely affect our cash flow and ability to make distributions to shareholders
Our status as a REIT (or any of our REIT subsidiaries) is dependent on compliance with federal income tax requirements
If we (or any of our REIT subsidiaries including those acquired in the Prentiss merger) fail to qualify as a REIT, we or the affected REIT subsidiary would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates
Also, unless the IRS granted us or our affected REIT subsidiary, as the case may be, relief under certain statutory provisions, we or it would remain disqualified as a REIT for four years following the year it first failed to qualify
If we or any of our REIT subsidiaries fails to qualify as a REIT, we or they would be required to pay significant income taxes and would, therefore, have less money available for investments or for distributions to shareholders
This would likely have a material adverse effect on the value of the combined company’s securities
In addition, we or our affected REIT subsidiaries would no longer be required to make any distributions to shareholders
Failure of the Operating Partnership (or a subsidiary partnership) to be treated as a partnership would have serious adverse consequences to our shareholders
If the IRS were to successfully challenge the tax status of the Operating Partnership or any of its subsidiary partnerships for federal income tax purposes, the Operating Partnership or the affected subsidiary partnership would be taxable as a corporation
In such event we would cease to qualify as a REIT and the imposition of a corporate tax on the Operating Partnership or a subsidiary partnership would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution from the Operating Partnership to us and ultimately to our shareholders
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we will be required to pay certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and properties
In addition, our taxable REIT subsidiaries will be subject to federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on their net taxable income derived from management, leasing and related service business
If we have net income from a prohibited transaction, such income will be subject to a 100prca tax
We face possible state and local tax audits
Because we are organized and qualify as a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes, but are subject to certain state and local taxes
Although we believe that we have substantial arguments in favor of our positions in the ongoing audits, in some instances there is no controlling precedent or interpretive guidance on the specific point at issue
Collectively, tax deficiency notices received to date from the jurisdictions conducting the ongoing audits have not been material
However, there can be no assurance that future audits will not occur with increased frequency or that the ultimate result of such audits will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations
Competition for skilled personnel could increase labor costs
We compete with various other companies in attracting and retaining qualified and skilled personnel
We depend on our ability to attract and retain skilled management personnel who are responsible for the day-to-day -17- ______________________________________________________________________ [64]Back to Contents operations of our company
Competitive pressures may require that we enhance our pay and benefits package to compete effectively for such personnel
We may not be able to offset such added costs by increasing the rates we charge tenants
If there is an increase in these costs or if we fail to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, our business and operating results could be harmed
We are dependent upon our key personnel
We are dependent upon our key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed
We are dependent on our executive officers for strategic business direction and real estate experience
In connection with the acquisition of Prentiss, we entered into employment agreements with several former officers of Prentiss
Although we believe that we could find replacements for these key personnel (including the former Prentiss officers), loss of their services could adversely affect our operations
Although we have an employment agreement with Gerard H Sweeney, our President and Chief Executive Officer, for a term extending to May 7, 2008, this agreement does not restrict his ability to become employed by a competitor following the termination of his employment
We do not have key man life insurance coverage on our executive officers
Certain limitations will exist with respect to a third party’s ability to acquire us or effectuate a change in control
Limitations imposed to protect our REIT status
In order to protect us against the loss of our REIT status, our Declaration of Trust limits any shareholder from owning more than 9dtta8prca in value of our outstanding shares, subject to certain exceptions
The ownership limit may have the effect of precluding acquisition of control of us
If anyone acquires shares in excess of the ownership limit, we may: • consider the transfer to be null and void; • not reflect the transaction on our books; • institute legal action to stop the transaction; • not pay dividends or other distributions with respect to those shares; • not recognize any voting rights for those shares; and • consider the shares held in trust for the benefit of a person to whom such shares may be transferred
Limitation due to our ability to issue preferred shares
Our Declaration of Trust authorizes the board of trustees to cause us to issue preferred shares, without limitation as to amount
The board of trustees is able to establish the preferences and rights of any preferred shares issued which could have the effect of delaying or preventing someone from taking control of us, even if a change in control were in our shareholders’ best interests
Limitation imposed by the Maryland Business Combination Law
The Maryland General Corporation Law, as applicable to Maryland REITs, establishes special restrictions against “business combinations” between a Maryland REIT and “interested shareholders” or their affiliates unless an exemption is applicable
An interested shareholder includes a person who beneficially owns, and an affiliate or associate of the trust who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of, ten percent or more of the voting power of our then-outstanding voting shares
Among other things, Maryland law prohibits (for a period of five years) a merger and certain other transactions between a Maryland REIT and an interested shareholder unless the board of trustees had approved the transaction before the party became an interested shareholder
The five-year period runs from the most recent date on which the interested shareholder became an interested shareholder
Thereafter, any such business combination must be recommended by the board of trustees and approved by two super-majority shareholder votes unless, among other conditions, the common shareholders receive a minimum price for their shares and the -18- ______________________________________________________________________ [65]Back to Contents consideration is received in cash or in the same form as previously paid by the interested shareholder for our shares or unless the board of trustees approved the transaction before the party in question became an interested shareholder
The business combination statute could have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire us and of increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if the acquisition would be in our shareholders’ best interests
Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act
Maryland law provides that “control shares” of a REIT acquired in a “control share acquisition” shall have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the vote eligible to be cast on the matter under the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act
“Control Shares” means shares that, if aggregated with all other shares previously acquired by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing trustees within one of the following ranges of voting power: one-tenth or more but less than one-third, one-third or more but less than a majority or a majority or more of all voting power
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained shareholder approval
A “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions
If voting rights or control shares acquired in a control share acquisition are not approved at a shareholder’s meeting, then subject to certain conditions and limitations the issuer may redeem any or all of the control shares for fair value
If voting rights of such control shares are approved at a shareholder’s meeting and the acquirer becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other shareholders may exercise appraisal rights
Any control shares acquired in a control share acquisition which are not exempt under our Bylaws are subject to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act
Our Bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of our shares
We cannot assure you that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future
Many factors can have an adverse effect on the market value of our securities
A number of factors might adversely affect the price of our securities, many of which are beyond our control
These factors include: • increases in market interest rates, relative to the dividend yield on our shares
If market interest rates go up, prospective purchasers of our securities may require a higher yield
Higher market interest rates would not, however, result in more funds for us to distribute and, to the contrary, would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution
Thus, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of our common shares to go down; • anticipated benefit of an investment in our securities as compared to investment in securities of companies in other industries (including benefits associated with tax treatment of dividends and distributions); • perception by market professionals of REITs generally and REITs comparable to us in particular; • level of institutional investor interest in our securities; • relatively low trading volumes in securities of REITs; • our results of operations and financial condition; and • investor confidence in the stock market generally
The market value of our common shares is based primarily upon the market’s perception of our growth potential and our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions
Consequently, our common shares may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per common share
If our future -19- ______________________________________________________________________ [66]Back to Contents earnings or cash distributions are less than expected, it is likely that the market price of our common shares will diminish
Additional issuances of equity securities may be dilutive to shareholders
The interests of our shareholders could be diluted if we issue additional equity securities to finance future developments or acquisitions or to repay indebtedness
Our Board of Trustees may authorize the issuance of additional equity securities without shareholder approval
Our ability to execute our business strategy depends upon our access to an appropriate blend of debt financing, including unsecured lines of credit and other forms of secured and unsecured debt, and equity financing, including the issuance of common and preferred equity
The issuance of preferred securities may adversely affect the rights of holders of our common shares
Because our Board of Trustees has the power to establish the preferences and rights of each class or series of preferred shares, we may afford the holders in any series or class of preferred shares preferences, distributions, powers and rights, voting or otherwise, senior to the rights of holders of common shares
Our Board of Trustees also has the power to establish the preferences and rights of each class or series of units in Brandywine Operating Partnership, and may afford the holders in any series or class of preferred units preferences, distributions, powers and rights, voting or otherwise, senior to the rights of holders of common units
The acquisition of new properties which lack operating history with us will give rise to difficulties in predicting revenue potential
We will continue to acquire additional properties
These acquisitions could fail to perform in accordance with expectations
If we fail to accurately estimate occupancy levels, operating costs or costs of improvements to bring an acquired property up to the standards established for our intended market position, the performance of the property may be below expectations
Acquired properties may have characteristics or deficiencies affecting their valuation or revenue potential that we have not yet discovered
We cannot assure you that the performance of properties acquired by us will increase or be maintained under our management
Our performance is dependent upon the economic conditions of the markets in which our properties are located
Like other real estate markets, these commercial real estate markets have experienced economic downturns in the past, and future declines in any of these economies or real estate markets could adversely affect cash available for distribution
Our financial performance and ability to make distributions to our shareholders will be particularly sensitive to the economic conditions in these markets
The local economic climate, which may be adversely impacted by business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors, and local real estate conditions, such as oversupply of or reduced demand for office, industrial and other competing commercial properties, may affect revenues and the value of properties, including properties to be acquired or developed
We cannot assure you that these local economies will grow in the future